Journal Article•
La productivité des salariés âgés : une tentative d'estimation : Les travailleurs âgés face à l'emploi
01 Jan 2003-Economie Et Statistique (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques)-Iss: 368, pp 95-119
TL;DR: In this article, a question naturelle est de savoir si les salaires plus eleves des travailleurs âges correspondent, ou non, a productivite plus elevee.
Abstract: En moyenne, les salaires croissent avec l'âge. Une question naturelle est de savoir si les salaires plus eleves des travailleurs âges correspondent, ou non, a une productivite plus elevee. La reponse a cette question n'est pas sans consequence sur l'employabilite de ces travailleurs âges. Estimee comme la « contribution » des differentes classes d'âge a la productivite des entreprises, la productivite des salaries croit avec l'âge jusqu'a 40 ans, avant de se stabiliser. Le profil de la productivite suit d'assez pret celui des remunerations. En particulier, il n'apparait pas d'ecart marquant entre salaire et productivite, si ce n'est aux âges les plus eleves (plus de 55 ans). Ces resultats restent neanmoins assez peu precis, car il est difficile d'extraire des relations causales de l'âge des salaries sur la productivite des entreprises a partir des simples correlations entre production et structure de la main-d'oeuvre. En particulier, les salaries âges sont plus nombreux dans les entreprises anciennes et peu efficaces, et representent une partie de la main-d'oeuvre qui s'ajustent moins rapidement aux chocs de productivite. Il en resulte un biais dans l'estimation de la productivite, dont la correction ne peut se faire qu'au prix de resultats moins precis. En outre, les resultats ne concernent que les salaries en emploi, et non l'ensemble des individus
Citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a generalised version of a tractable firm selection model and a standard model of agglomeration were used to show that firm selection cannot explain spatial productivity differences.
Abstract: Firms are more productive on average in larger cities. Two main explanations have been offered: firm selection (larger cities toughen competition, allowing only the most productive to survive) and agglomeration economies (larger cities promote interactions that increase productivity), possibly reinforced by localised natural advantage. To distinguish between them, we nest a generalised version of a tractable firm selection model and a standard model of agglomeration. Stronger selection in larger cities left-truncates the productivity distribution whereas stronger agglomeration right-shifts and dilates the distribution. Using this prediction, French establishment level data, and a new quantile approach, we show that firm selection cannot explain spatial productivity differences. This result holds across sectors, city size thresholds, establishment samples, and area definitions.
753 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors revisited the issue using French wage and TFP data and found that the endogenous quality of labour bias is quantitatively more important than the endogenous quantity bias.
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376 citations
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator optimally exploits all the linear moment restrictions that follow from the assumption of no serial correlation in the errors, in an equation which contains individual effects, lagged dependent variables and no strictly exogenous variables.
Abstract: This paper presents specification tests that are applicable after estimating a dynamic model from panel data by the generalized method of moments (GMM), and studies the practical performance of these procedures using both generated and real data. Our GMM estimator optimally exploits all the linear moment restrictions that follow from the assumption of no serial correlation in the errors, in an equation which contains individual effects, lagged dependent variables and no strictly exogenous variables. We propose a test of serial correlation based on the GMM residuals and compare this with Sargan tests of over-identifying restrictions and Hausman specification tests.
26,580 citations
TL;DR: Turnover is generated by the existence of a nondegenerate distribution of the worker's productivity across different jobs as discussed by the authors, caused by the assumed variation in the quality of the employee-employer match.
Abstract: A long-run equilibrium theory of turnover is presented and is shown to explain the important regularities that have been observed by empirical investigators. A worker's productivity in a particular job is not known ex ante and becomes known more precisely as the worker's job tenure increases. Turnover is generated by the existence of a nondegenerate distribution of the worker's productivity across different. The nondegeneracy is caused by the assumed variation in the quality of the worker-employer match.
3,238 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a generalised version of a tractable firm selection model and a standard model of agglomeration were used to show that firm selection cannot explain spatial productivity differences.
Abstract: Firms are more productive on average in larger cities. Two main explanations have been offered: firm selection (larger cities toughen competition, allowing only the most productive to survive) and agglomeration economies (larger cities promote interactions that increase productivity), possibly reinforced by localised natural advantage. To distinguish between them, we nest a generalised version of a tractable firm selection model and a standard model of agglomeration. Stronger selection in larger cities left-truncates the productivity distribution whereas stronger agglomeration right-shifts and dilates the distribution. Using this prediction, French establishment level data, and a new quantile approach, we show that firm selection cannot explain spatial productivity differences. This result holds across sectors, city size thresholds, establishment samples, and area definitions.
753 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors revisited the issue using French wage and TFP data and found that the endogenous quality of labour bias is quantitatively more important than the endogenous quantity bias.
Abstract: Does productivity increase with density? We revisit the issue using French wage and TFP data. To deal with the ‘endogenous quantity of labour' bias (i.e., urban agglomeration is consequence of high local productivity rather than a cause), we take an instrumental variable approach and introduce a new set of geological instruments in addition to standard historical instruments. To deal with the ‘endogenous quality of labour' bias (i.e., cities attract skilled workers so that the effects of skills and urban agglomeration are confounded), we take a worker fixed-effect approach with wage data. We find modest evidence about the endogenous quantity of labour bias and both sets of instruments give a similar answer. We find that the endogenous quality of labour bias is quantitatively more important.
376 citations