Laboratory evaluation of toxic and repellent properties of the pithraj tree, Aphanamixis polystachya Wall & Parker, against Sitophilus oryzae (L.)
01 Jan 1994-International Journal of Pest Management (Taylor & Francis Group)-Vol. 40, Iss: 3, pp 274-279
TL;DR: Pithraj seed extracts were moderately toxic to rice weevils and an ethanol extract was the most toxic of four extracts tested and showed the lowest LD50 and LT50 values.
Abstract: Crude seed extracts of pithraj, Aphanamixis polystachya were evaluated fortheir repellency, feeding deterrency, contact toxicity and oviposition deterrency to rice weevils. The extracts had strong repellent and feeding deterrent effects on rice weevils. Pithraj seed extracts were moderately toxic to rice weevils. An ethanol extract was the most toxic of four extracts tested and showed the lowest LD50 and LT50 values. The ground leaves, bark and seeds at a 2.5% ratio provided good protection for rice grains by reducing the F1 progeny emergence and the grain infestation rates.
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TL;DR: There is a need for plants that may provide potential alternatives to the currently used insect control agents as they constitute a rich source of bioactive molecules and there is a great potential for a plant-derived insecticides.
Abstract: Prevention of food losses during postharvest storage is of paramount economic importance. Integrated pest management is now a widely accepted strategy in pest control including postharvest infestation control which involves the use of chemical (contact/residual) insecticides along with fumigants. The use of synthetic chemical insecticides is either not permitted or used restrictively because of the residue problem and health risks to consumers. In view of the above, there is a need for plants that may provide potential alternatives to the currently used insect control agents as they constitute a rich source of bioactive molecules. Available literature indicates that plant could be source for new insecticides. Therefore, there is a great potential for a plant-derived insecticidal compounds. This paper focuses on the current state of the botanical insecticides as grain protectants and its mode of action.
132 citations
Cites background from "Laboratory evaluation of toxic and ..."
...Aphanamixis polystachya Meliaceae SC, SE [25]...
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...Research on new toxicants of plant origin has not declined in recent years despite the increased research devoted to the discovery of synthetic insecticides [25]....
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...Therefore, today, researchers are seeking new classes of naturally occurring insecticides that might be compatible with newer pest control approaches [2, 25, 26]....
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TL;DR: Ononitol monohydrate isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Cassia tora L. using column chromatography showed significant antifeedant, larvicidal and pupicidal activities against H. armigera and S. litura and prolonged the larval-pupal duration of the insect at all the tested concentrations.
76 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that compositions of essential oils influence their insecticidal and olfactory properties, and the essential oils from Tagetes species show an important potential as infochemical agents on insects' behaviors.
Abstract: Essential oils from four species of the genus Tagetes L. (Asteraceae, Helenieae) collected in Tucuman province, Argentina, were evaluated for their chemical composition, toxicity, and olfactory activity on Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann adults and for repellent properties on Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Chagas disease vector). Yields of essential oils range from 0.2 to 0.8% (v/w). The same main constituents among Tagetes minuta L., Tagestes rupestris Cabrera, and Tagetes terniflora Kunth, (cis–trans)-ocimenes, (cis–trans)-tagetones, and (cis–trans)-ocimenones showed important differences in their relative compositions. Tagetes filifolia Lag. was characterized by the recognized phenylpropanoids methylchavicol and trans-anethole as the main components. LD50 was ≤20 μg/insect in topical bioassays. T. rupestris was the most toxic to C. capitata females, whereas the other oils presented similar toxicities against males and females. Tagetes rupestris oil attracted both sexes of C. capitata a...
76 citations
TL;DR: The insecticidal and repellent properties of Lantana camara and Tephrosia vogelii were evaluated against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky in stored maize grain and showed a significant relationship between plant powder concentration and insect mortality.
Abstract: The insecticidal and repellent properties of Lantana camara and Tephrosia vogelii were evaluated against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in stored maize grain. Five treatment rates (1.0, 2.5,5.0,7.5 and 10.0% w/w) of each powdered plant material, an untreated control and a synthetic insecticide (Actellic Super™ 2% dust) were used to investigate treatment efficacy on mortality of the adult insect (five to eight days old), F1 progeny emergence and repellency against S. zeamais adults. After 21 days, L. camara and T. vogelii caused 82.7–90.0% and 85.0–93.7% insect mortality, respectively. The mean lethal exposure times (LT50) to achieve 50% mortality varied from five to six days (7.5–10.0% w/w) to seven to eight days (2.5–5.0% w/w) for both plants. Probit regression analysis showed a significant relationship between plant powder concentration and insect mortality. The plant powders and synthetic insecticide reduced adult F1 insects by more than 75% compared to the untreated control. Tephrosia vogelii was most repellent to S. zeamais at 7.5–10.0% (w/ w), repelling 87.5% of the insects, followed by T. vogelii at 2.5% w/w and L. camara at 10% w/w which repelled 65.0 and 62.5% of insects respectively. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of smallscale farmer usage of these plants for stored product protection.
72 citations
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TL;DR: In order to make experimental studies comparable and statistically meaningful, the article recommends the following formula: per cent control = 100(X - Y)/X, which eliminates errors due to deaths in the control sample which were not due to the insecticide.
Abstract: There are several statistical methods used in biology (entomology) for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide, based on relating the number of dead insects in the treated plat to the number of live ones in the untreated plat. In order to make experimental studies comparable and statistically meaningful, the article recommends the following formula: per cent control = 100(X - Y)/X, where X = % living in the untreated check sample and Y = % living in the treated sample. Calculation using this method eliminates errors due to deaths in the control sample which were not due to the insecticide. An example based on treatments of San Jose scale includes computation of probable errors for X and Y, and the significance of the difference between the two counts. Common biometric convention holds that when the difference between the results of two experiments is greater than three times its probable error, the results are significant and due to the treatment applied.
11,700 citations
01 Jan 1977-Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A: Physics and Chemistry
TL;DR: In this paper, an evaluated compilation of equilibrium relative humidity in air versus temperature from pure phase to approximately 105 pascal (1 atm) in pressure is presented for 28 binary saturated aqueous solutions.
Abstract: An evaluated compilation of equilibrium relative humidities in air versus temperature from pure phase to approximately 105 pascal (1 atm) in pressure is presented for 28 binary saturated aqueous solutions. The relative humidities of the solutions range from about 3 to 98 percent. Using a data base from 21 separate investigations comprising 1106 individual measurements, fits were made by the method of least squares to regular polynomial equations with two through four coefficients. Equations and tables are presented along with the estimated uncertainties in the correlated results. Research, hygrometer calibration, testing and material conditioning often require the accurate control of humidity in a working space. The common methods of controlling the humidity accurately use either a humidity generator (1A)1 or the equilibration of a closed space with a chemical system (IB) which produces the desired equilibrium vapor pressure. Humidity generators tend to be expensive and complex whereas equilibration with chemical systems that provide fixed points is a relatively inexpensive and simple method of humidity control. Among the chemical systems used for this purpose are aqueous sulphuric acid solutions, glycerine and water solutions and single and binary salt solutions. Each such solution offers a degree of humidity adjustment that can be achieved by changing its concentration. On the other hand, special problems are associated with the use of solu- tions because their concentrations must be measured and controlled. Not only must the concentration of the solution be determined initially but the presence of any humidity sources or sinks in the controlled space and even the initial equilibra- tion process of the space can alter the solution concentration. An especially useful method of humidity control by chemi- cal system involves the use of binary saturated aqueous solutions (primarily of single salts) in which the solute is highly non-volatile. At any temperature, the concentration of a saturated solu- tion is fixed and does not have to be determined. By provid- ing excess solute, the solution will remain saturated even in the presence of modest sources or sinks. Where the solute is a solid in the pure phase, it is easy to determine that there is indeed saturation. Due to the ease of its use, this is a popular method of humidity control. Since a given saturated salt solution provides only one relative humidity (RH) at any desired temperature, a different relative humidity must be achieved by selecting another appropriate salt. Though much data on saturated salt solu-
3,503 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The "formule d'ABBOH" as mentioned in this paper permet la correction des taux de mortalite des insectes (essais d'insecticides) and constitue un moyen fiable pour comparer les resultats lorsque plusieurs series d'experiences ont been realized.
Abstract: La «formule d'ABBOH» permet la correction des taux de mortalite des insectes (essais d'insecticides). Elle constitue un moyen fiable pour comparer les resultats lorsque plusieurs series d'experiences ont ete realisees, chacune basee sur une verification differente
1,384 citations
TL;DR: Results of three different bioassays showed that crude extracts of pithraj seeds have strong repellent effects and moderate feeding deterrent and insecticidal effects on adult Tribolium castaneum.
Abstract: Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the efficacy of seed extracts of pithraj,Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall & Parker), a locally grown plant in Bangladesh, against the red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.). Results of three different bioassays showed that crude extracts of pithraj seeds have strong repellent effects and moderate feeding deterrent and insecticidal (direct-contact) effects on adultTribolium castaneum.
129 citations