Language-specific phoneme representations revealed by electric and magnetic brain responses
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...…changes (e.g., Näätänen et al., 1989a,b) or for changes in complex sounds such as speech sounds, which are atypical to the afferent responses (e.g., Näätänen et al., 1997); (5) the generator-loci differences between the N1 (and the other afferent responses) and the MMN, to be reviewed…...
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...The MMN generators reflect the nature of the stimulus, e.g., they usually are left lateralized for language stimuli (Näätänen et al., 1997; Shtyrov et al., 2005; Pulvermüller et al., 2003)....
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...…in non-phonetic sounds, MMNs to phoneme changes were elicited with a larger amplitude in the auditory cortex of the left hemisphere than in that of the right hemisphere (Näätänen et al., 1997; Alho et al., 1998a; Shestakova et al., 2002b; Tervaniemi et al., 1999, 2000a; Rinne et al., 1999a)....
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...The MMN can, however, also be elicited by changes in complex stimuli such as speech sounds (Dehaene-Lambertz, 1997; Näätänen et al., 1997) and even by stimuli that deviate from an abstract rule followed by the ongoing auditory stimulation such as a tone repetition in a sequence of descending tones (Tervaniemi et al....
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...In fact, as already mentioned, both types of changes contribute to the MMN obtained, with the acoustical MMN being bilaterally generated and the purely phonetic MMN in the left hemisphere only (in most subjects) (Näätänen et al., 1997)....
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...In more complex paradigms an abstract rule is broken, such as inter-stimulus relationships (Tervaniemi et al., 1994; Paavilainen et al., 2001; Vuust et al., 2005) or phoneme regularity (Näätänen et al., 1997)....
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...…in roving paradigms (Baldeweg et al., 2004; Haenschel et al., 2005; Garrido et al., 2008), or in more sophisticated paradigms comprising irregularities in rhythms (Vuust et al., 2005), musical sequences (van Zuijen et al., 2004), and violations in phoneme regularity (Näätänen et al., 1997)....
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...changes, irrespective of the ear stimulated (Näätänen et al., 1997)....
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...…there is evidence for generators in the prefrontal cortex, often stronger and reported more consistently on the right hemisphere for tone paradigms (Levänen et al., 1996) and on the left hemisphere for language paradigms (Näätänen et al., 1997; Tervaniemi et al., 2000b; Pulvermüller, 2001)....
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..., 1996) and on the left hemisphere for language paradigms (Näätänen et al., 1997; Tervaniemi et al., 2000b; Pulvermüller, 2001)....
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