Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Azadirachta indica) formulation against mosquitoes
TL;DR: The neem oil formulation was found effective in controlling mosquito larvae in different breeding sites under natural field conditions and may prove to be an effective and eco-friendly larvicide, which could be used as an alternative for malaria control.
Abstract: Background
Mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year. Use of synthetic insecticides to control vector mosquitoes has caused physiological resistance and adverse environmental effects in addition to high operational cost. Insecticides of botanical origin have been reported as useful for control of mosquitoes. Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) and its derived products have shown a variety of insecticidal properties. The present paper discusses the larvicidal activity of neem-based biopesticide for the control of mosquitoes.
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TL;DR: The repellent effect of adult Anopheles was significant (p < 0.05) across the concentrations but with varying degrees of protection, and the possibility of using Azadirachta indica as bio-insecticide against Anophele gambiae was established.
10 citations
Cites background from "Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..."
...These plant products have previously been used as insecticides for controlling larvae, adult mosquitoes or as repellents for reducing human-mosquito contact through biting (Venkatachalam and Jebanesan, 2001; Dua et al., 2009; Prabhu et al., 2011)....
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...It has been reported that under field conditions, emulsified formulations of A. indica oil showed an excellent larvicidal potential against different mosquito genera, including Aedes, Anopheles and Culex (Dua et al., 2009; Benelli et al., 2015c)....
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...Nevertheless, the negative effects of these methods on the environment and human health, physiological resistance to vectors, high operational cost, community acceptance and rising occurrence of insecticide-resistant mosquito vector species has rendered the use of organophosphates, and indoor residual spraying unsustainable (Benelli, 2015a; Dua et al., 2009)....
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...indica oil showed an excellent larvicidal potential against different mosquito genera, including Aedes, Anopheles and Culex (Dua et al., 2009; Benelli et al., 2015c)....
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...Moreover, neem seed extracts have larvicidal ability against vectors of diseases of public health significance such as malaria, filaria, dengue, dengue haemorrhagic fever, and yellow fever (Dua et al., 2009)....
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01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: Conclusively it can be said that simple aqueous extract of neem leaves have some biologically active components which show insecticidal activity and can be applied easily for the biological control of mosquitoes.
Abstract: Larvicidal effect of Azadirachta indica on mosquitoes has been studied in the present work. The water extracts of air dried leaves and fresh leaves separately have been used for the study. Different concentrations were made of all these extracts and twenty second instar larvae of Culex pipiens fatigans were placed in each concentration separately. Control was set up for each experiment. Mortality and ecdysis inhibition effect were used as effective parameters. Observations on mortality were carried out after each 24 hours. The 25% stock solution of dry leaves extract showed greatest larvicidal activity i.e. 100% mortality within first 24 hours as compared to the mortality rate of fresh leaves and simple dry leaves extracts. The LC50 of 25% stock solution extract, fresh leaves and dry leaves extracts was found to be 19%, 33%, 40% respectively. Percentage mortality per day, percentage pupation and percentage emergence from pupae are calculated. In lower concentrations 1%, 5%, 10%, pupation was delayed by two or three days. In 40%, 50% and 60% concentration of all these extracts, pupation did not occur. All the larvae died at larval stage but the larval period was extended to 12-14 days. Conclusively it can be said that simple aqueous extract of neem leaves have some biologically active components which show insecticidal activity. So they can be applied easily for the biological control of mosquitoes.
10 citations
Cites background from "Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..."
...Larvicidal activity of Azadirachta indica against various species of mosquitoes has been observed by various researchers (Wandscheer, 2004; Chavan, 1984; Virendra et al., 2009; Aliero et al., 2003; Vatandoost & Vaziri, 2004; Abdelouaheb et al., 2009; Senthil et al., 2006)....
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TL;DR: Neem chippings are a good tool for mosquito larval source management under field conditions, however, more research needs to be done to quantify the contribution of this tool to the overall mosquito borne disease transmission.
Abstract: Background: An in depth understanding of mosquito breeding biology and factors regulating population sizes is fundamental for vector population control. This paper presents results from a survey of mosquito breeding habitats and the efficacy of neem chippings as a potential larvicide that can be integrated in mosquito control on Nyabondo Plateau in western Kenya. Results: Six main mosquito habitat types namely artificial ponds, abandoned fish ponds, active fish ponds, open drains, temporary pools and swamps were found in Nyabondo. Early anopheline instars were mainly recovered from temporary pools, artificial ponds and abandoned fish ponds. The mosquitoes collected were Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (35%), An. coustani (46%) and Culex spp (19%). Both early and late instar larvae of anopheline and culicine mosquitoes were more abundant in the controls than in the Bti and neem treated habitats. Within treated habitats, early instar anopheline mosquitoes were recovered more from habitats provided with neem and fish compared to Bti treated habitats. All treated habitats recorded higher numbers of early instar larvae than late instars or pupae, indicating that gravid female mosquitoes still oviposited within treated habitats.
10 citations
Cites background from "Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..."
...The pesticidal activity of neem is attributed to Azadirachtin, which is the active eco-friendly ingredient [37-39]....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the chemical constituents and larvicidal activity of essential oil extracted from the leaves of Coccinia grandis against three mosquito species were analyzed by gas chromatographymass spectrophotometry (GC-MS).
Abstract: Background: To study the chemical constituents and larvicidal activity of essential oil extracted from the leaves of Coccinia grandis against three mosquito species. Methods: Essential oil was extracted by hydro distillation using clevenger apparatus and was analyzed for chemical constituents by gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). Larvicidal activity was recorded after 12 and 24h of post-exposure against three mosquito species, Anopheles stephensi , Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus . Dead larvae were identified when they failed to move after probing with a needle in the siphon or cervical region. The LC 50 and LC 90 values for three mosquito larvae were calculated by Probit analysis . Results: The GC-MS analysis revealed that essential oil contains 23 different constituents. Out of these 23 constituents, major constituents identified were n-tetracosane (39.18%), n-eicosane (30.04%), tetratriacotane (2.97%), 7-octadecanal (2.81%), and tricosane (2.31%). Essential oil from leaves of Coccinia grandis exhibited significant larvicidal activity against An. stephensi with LC 50 and LC 90 values 39.41ppm and 123.24ppm, respectively. This was followed by Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus with LC 50 and LC 90 values of 48.20ppm, 131.84ppm and 52.80ppm, 135.48ppm, respectively after 24h of exposure. Conclusion: The results could be useful in developing a cost effective, ecofriendly, region specific and practical strategy for the control of mosquito vectors.
10 citations
Cites background from "Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..."
...There are several reports on larvicidal activity of essential oil from neem, basil, citronella, lemon, eucalyptus, pine etc (Cheng et al. 2003, Amer and Mehlhorn 2006, Dua et al. 2009)....
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01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: Results obtained in this study shows the potential of the crude extracts of Neem (Azadirachta indica) against Aedes aegypti larvae and this may warrant further research to determine bioactive compound(s).
Abstract: Dengue is one of the major health problem in many countries. Aedes aegypti mosquito is the major vector of dengue fever disease. Search for larvicidal active compound(s) is one of the several attempts to find effective and affordable ways to control this mosquito. The aim of this study is to investigate the toxic effect of different solvent (acetone, chloroform, cold and hot ethanol) extracts from different parts (bark, leaf, root and seed) of Neem (Azadirachta indica) against Aedes aegypti larvae. For the larvicidal bioassay, four concentrations (50, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm)
of plant crude extracts were prepared; 1 mL of DMSO was used to solubilize the extract in water. 10 larvae (second and third instar) were inserted in each solution. 2.0 % Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and untreated sets of larvae in (tap) water were also run for comparison. Data were evaluated through regression analysis. From the regression line; the LC 50 and LC 90 values were read. The larvicidal activities of the crude extracts were varied and the LC 50 and LC 90 values ranging from 50-837.5 ppm and 94-950 ppm respectively. Assays showed that leaf acetone extracts were more toxic against larvae and causes 100 % mortality at concentration of 100 ppm, while root, seed and bark extracts achieve 100 % mortality at 1000 ppm. Bioactive groups such as alkaloids and sesquiterpene lactones were screened by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC); and the results obtained were negative for alkaloids and positive for sesquiterpene lactones. Result obtained in this study shows the potential of the crude extracts of Neem (Azadirachta indica) against Aedes aegypti larvae and this may warrant further research to determine bioactive compound(s)
9 citations
References
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TL;DR: In order to make experimental studies comparable and statistically meaningful, the article recommends the following formula: per cent control = 100(X - Y)/X, which eliminates errors due to deaths in the control sample which were not due to the insecticide.
Abstract: There are several statistical methods used in biology (entomology) for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide, based on relating the number of dead insects in the treated plat to the number of live ones in the untreated plat. In order to make experimental studies comparable and statistically meaningful, the article recommends the following formula: per cent control = 100(X - Y)/X, where X = % living in the untreated check sample and Y = % living in the treated sample. Calculation using this method eliminates errors due to deaths in the control sample which were not due to the insecticide. An example based on treatments of San Jose scale includes computation of probable errors for X and Y, and the significance of the difference between the two counts. Common biometric convention holds that when the difference between the results of two experiments is greater than three times its probable error, the results are significant and due to the treatment applied.
11,700 citations
"Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..." refers methods in this paper
...The percent corrected mortality was calculated using Abbott's formula [13] and Log probit analysis was used to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50)/90% lethal concentration (LC90) of the formulation....
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TL;DR: In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical insecticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.
Abstract: Botanical insecticides have long been touted as attractive alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides for pest management because botanicals reputedly pose little threat to the environment or to human health. The body of scientific literature documenting bioactivity of plant derivatives to arthropod pests continues to expand, yet only a handful of botanicals are currently used in agriculture in the industrialized world, and there are few prospects for commercial development of new botanical products. Pyrethrum and neem are well established commercially, pesticides based on plant essential oils have recently entered the marketplace, and the use of rotenone appears to be waning. A number of plant substances have been considered for use as insect antifeedants or repellents, but apart from some natural mosquito repellents, little commercial success has ensued for plant substances that modify arthropod behavior. Several factors appear to limit the success of botanicals, most notably regulatory barriers and the availability of competing products (newer synthetics, fermentation products, microbials) that are cost-effective and relatively safe compared with their predecessors. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical insecticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.
2,996 citations
"Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..." refers background in this paper
...Many of these derived products have antifeedancy, ovicidal activity, fecundity suppression besides insect growth regulation and repellency against insects [ 5-10 ]....
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TL;DR: Les substances derivees du «neem», efficaces contre les insectes sont examines (influence sur le comportement de fixation, the ponte, the prise de nourriture, the metamorphose, the fecondite, the fitners) ainsi que les capacites potentielles des insecticides extraits du neem pour le controle des insectes nuisibles and leurs effets sur les animaux.
Abstract: Les substances derivees du «neem», efficaces contre les insectes sont examines (influence sur le comportement de fixation, la ponte, la prise de nourriture, la metamorphose, la fecondite, la fitners) ainsi que les capacites potentielles des insecticides extraits du neem pour le controle des insectes nuisibles et leurs effets sur les animaux a sang chaud et sur l'homme
1,595 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Examples of phytochemicals evaluated against mosquitoes as general toxicants, growth and reproduction inhibitors, repellents and ovipositional deterrents are given.
Abstract: A review on the reported uses of chemicals derived from botanical sources is presented, along with the part of the plant used for extraction, the mosquito species studied and the bioactivity observed for 344 plant species. Examples of phytochemicals evaluated against mosquitoes as general toxicants, growth and reproduction inhibitors, repellents and ovipositional deterrents are given. The effects of mosquito species and life stage specificity, solvents used for extraction, phototoxic activity and the geographical source from where the plant compounds are derived are discussed.
735 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: The tree and its characteristics biologically active ingredients effects on viruses and organisms neem products for pest management and practical results of neem applications against arthropod pests, and probability of development of resistance toxicity of neems to vertebrates and side effects on beneficial and other non-target organisms as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The tree and its characteristics biologically active ingredients effects on viruses and organisms neem products for pest management and practical results of neem applications against arthropod pests, and probability of development of resistance toxicity of neem to vertebrates and side effects on beneficial and other non-target organisms various uses of neem products economic, socioeconomic and policy considerations, and neem in sociocultural life in South Asia other meliaceous plants containing ingredients for pest management and other purposes register of scientific and common names. (Part contents).
414 citations