Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Azadirachta indica) formulation against mosquitoes
TL;DR: The neem oil formulation was found effective in controlling mosquito larvae in different breeding sites under natural field conditions and may prove to be an effective and eco-friendly larvicide, which could be used as an alternative for malaria control.
Abstract: Background
Mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year. Use of synthetic insecticides to control vector mosquitoes has caused physiological resistance and adverse environmental effects in addition to high operational cost. Insecticides of botanical origin have been reported as useful for control of mosquitoes. Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) and its derived products have shown a variety of insecticidal properties. The present paper discusses the larvicidal activity of neem-based biopesticide for the control of mosquitoes.
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TL;DR: In this paper , the larvicidal impact of essential oils of Citrus limetta (Musambi), C. limon (Lemon) and C. reticulata (Kinnow) was evaluated.
Abstract: Mosquitoes are the most significant insect vectors and are known for their community health prominences, which causes economic and social disturbances. Almost currently implemented strategies for mosquito control are based on synthetic insecticides, which have several toxic exposures to humans, animals and other non-targets as well as multiplied various environmental pollution. Hence, the mosquito larvicidal impact of essential oils of Citrus limetta (Musambi), C. limon (Lemon) and C. reticulata (Kinnow) was evaluated. The essential oils obtained through hydrodistillation and further characterized by phytochemical and GC-MS examinations. The larvicidal bioassay was performed according to the standard protocol of WHO, 2005 with slide modifications. The results indicated that alkaloids, terpenes, terpenoids, anthraquinones, flavonoids and tannins were present in the leaves and peels. d ‒Limonene, β‒Terpinene, Linalool, Citral, α‒Pinene β‒Caryophyllene, Terpinen‒4‒ol, γ‒Terpinene, 3‒Carene, Sylvestrene, β‒Ocimene, β‒Thujene, Citronellal, Sabinene and β‒Pinene were determined as major phytocompounds. Moreover, C. limetta was found as the most potent larvicide. The essential oil of leaves having LC 50 and LC 90 values 23.77 ± 3.45 and 81.07 ± 15.24 ppm and 35.12 ± 3.55 and 81.30 ± 10.79 ppm and in the case of peels 16.31 ± 3.50 and 77.60 ± 18.17 ppm and 29.20 ± 3.11 and 68.62 ± 9.03 ppm against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus after 24 h, respectively. Therefore, they can be used as environmental friendly and cheap botanical mosquitocides. • Larvicidal efficacy of essential oils isolated from Citrus leaves and peels against significant mosquito vectors. • Citrus plants selected are economically and widely cultivated species and are waste products of juice industries. • Phytochemical and GC-MS analysis were performed to show the presence of phytocompounds. • Essential oils may have ability to cross the cell membrane of target organism as they have higher LogP values. • Essential oils are biodegradable, eco-friendly and cost effective botanicals of larvicidal nature.
6 citations
TL;DR: Histological and ultrastructural studies on jujube oil-treated larvae revealed that gut, muscles and cuticle layers were severely damaged, which indicates the toxic effect of jujubes oil.
Abstract: Botanical insecticides are considered to be the best alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides because they pose little threat to the environment or to human health. This study is the first report on the effect of jujube (Zizyphus jujuba) plant extracts against larvae of Culex pipiens mosquitoes. The study was designed to evaluate the larvicidal potency of jujube plant oil, dry ground leaves, and organic extracts of leaves using different solvents against third instar larvae. The ingredients of jujube were extracted by two ways: by grinding fresh leaves immediately in solvents or by soaking dry ground leaves powder in solvents for 72 h. The results showed that larvae were highly susceptible to jujube oil, plant extracts and crude plant powder. The best results were obtained with jujube oil, followed by the dry leaf extract in petroleum ether, and finally the crude plant powder. Histological and ultrastructural studies on jujube oil-treated larvae revealed that gut, muscles and cuticle layers were severely damaged, which indicates the toxic effect of jujube oil. In conclusion, the jujube plant oil and organic extracts are promising agents for controlling Cx. pipiens larvae.
5 citations
Cites background from "Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..."
...Likewise, the larvicidal activity of emulsified neem oil was observed against late instars of Anopheles stephensi larvae in tanks and pits (Dua et al. 2009), as well as against Culex quinquefasciatus (Anjali et al. 2012)....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: E. globulus proved to have good potential as a bio-larvicide against An.
Abstract: Malaria transmitted by Anopheles stephensi mosquito is one of the serious infectious diseases among vector borne diseases. Many plant-based extracts/oils have unique larvicidal activity against mosquitoes. This study was designed to determine the toxicity of Eucalyptus globulus oil against An. stephensi larvae. Different concentrations of E. globulus oil @ 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 ppm were tested against 4 instar larvae of An. stephensi. Mortality was recorded after 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hrs. LC50 and LC90 values of toxicity were determined by logprobit technique. Out of these tested concentrations, 90 ppm of E. globulus were calculated out to be the effective ones. LC50 and LC90 values were found to be 46.11 and 69.33 ppm for E. globulus oil, against An. stephensi larvae after 48hours. E. globulus proved to have good potential as a bio-larvicide against An. stephensi and could be used as effective and ecofriendly mosquito control agent in future.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a neem based effervescent tablet was developed for immediate and fast destruction of mosquito larvae in any unrecognized ecosystems like stagnant water after rain or water blockage or for household applications.
5 citations
TL;DR: The high bioactivity and sublethal toxic effects to offspring of treated mosquito larvae, in terms of disruption of larval morphological aspects, suggest the high potential of the formulation as a botanical larvicide for the control of disease vectors.
Abstract: Simple Summary Mosquitoes are vectors of many severe diseases, notably malaria, yellow as well as dengue fever, and lymphatic filariasis. Vector control with synthetic chemical insecticides has been associated with resistance development and undesirable human and ecological effects. Ocimum kilimandscharicum oil formulation was evaluated for larvicidal activity against third instar mosquito larvae in the laboratory. The formulation was then compared with Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) granules on An. gambiae larvae under field-simulated field trials. The LC50 for O. kilimandscharicum oil after 24 h against third instar larvae of An. gambiae was 0.74 ppm while for the emulsified O. kilimandscharicum oil formulation against third instar larvae of An. gambiae and An. arabiensis was 0.07 and 0.31 ppm, respectively. The high bioactivity and sublethal toxic effects to offspring of treated mosquito larvae in terms of the disruption of larval morphological aspects suggest its high potential as a botanical larvicide for the control of disease vectors. The bioactive formulation had the advantage of high solubility in aqueous media; it is also easily produced, ecofriendly, and low-cost. Moreover, because O. kilimandscharicum can easily be widely cultivated and has high EO yields, it may provide a valuable alternative for the effective and eco-friendly control of disease vectors among developing and developed communities. Abstract Mosquitoes are vectors of many severe diseases, including malaria, yellow as well as dengue fever, and lymphatic filariasis. The use of synthetic chemical insecticides for mosquito control has been associated with resistance development and detrimental human, and ecological effects. For a safer alternative, the emulsified Ocimum kilimandscharicum oil formulation was evaluated for its larvicidal activity. The oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The formulations were evaluated against third instar mosquito larvae in the laboratory and later compared with Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis against An. gambiae under field-simulated conditions. Thirty-nine compounds were identified in the oil, the main ones being D-camphor (36.6%) and limonene (18.6%). The formulation showed significant larval mortalities against An. gambiae and An. arabiensis larvae with LC50 of 0.07 and 0.31 ppm, respectively, at 24 h. Under the field-simulated trial, within 24 h, the formulation showed 98% mortality while Bti had achieved 54%. On day three, it caused 100% mortality while Bti achieved 76.5%. The high bioactivity and sublethal toxic effects to offspring of treated mosquito larvae, in terms of disruption of larval morphological aspects, suggest the high potential of the formulation as a botanical larvicide. The formulation, thus, may provide a valuable alternative for the effective and eco-friendly control of disease vectors.
5 citations
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TL;DR: In order to make experimental studies comparable and statistically meaningful, the article recommends the following formula: per cent control = 100(X - Y)/X, which eliminates errors due to deaths in the control sample which were not due to the insecticide.
Abstract: There are several statistical methods used in biology (entomology) for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide, based on relating the number of dead insects in the treated plat to the number of live ones in the untreated plat. In order to make experimental studies comparable and statistically meaningful, the article recommends the following formula: per cent control = 100(X - Y)/X, where X = % living in the untreated check sample and Y = % living in the treated sample. Calculation using this method eliminates errors due to deaths in the control sample which were not due to the insecticide. An example based on treatments of San Jose scale includes computation of probable errors for X and Y, and the significance of the difference between the two counts. Common biometric convention holds that when the difference between the results of two experiments is greater than three times its probable error, the results are significant and due to the treatment applied.
11,700 citations
"Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..." refers methods in this paper
...The percent corrected mortality was calculated using Abbott's formula [13] and Log probit analysis was used to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50)/90% lethal concentration (LC90) of the formulation....
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TL;DR: In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical insecticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.
Abstract: Botanical insecticides have long been touted as attractive alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides for pest management because botanicals reputedly pose little threat to the environment or to human health. The body of scientific literature documenting bioactivity of plant derivatives to arthropod pests continues to expand, yet only a handful of botanicals are currently used in agriculture in the industrialized world, and there are few prospects for commercial development of new botanical products. Pyrethrum and neem are well established commercially, pesticides based on plant essential oils have recently entered the marketplace, and the use of rotenone appears to be waning. A number of plant substances have been considered for use as insect antifeedants or repellents, but apart from some natural mosquito repellents, little commercial success has ensued for plant substances that modify arthropod behavior. Several factors appear to limit the success of botanicals, most notably regulatory barriers and the availability of competing products (newer synthetics, fermentation products, microbials) that are cost-effective and relatively safe compared with their predecessors. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical insecticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.
2,996 citations
"Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..." refers background in this paper
...Many of these derived products have antifeedancy, ovicidal activity, fecundity suppression besides insect growth regulation and repellency against insects [ 5-10 ]....
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TL;DR: Les substances derivees du «neem», efficaces contre les insectes sont examines (influence sur le comportement de fixation, the ponte, the prise de nourriture, the metamorphose, the fecondite, the fitners) ainsi que les capacites potentielles des insecticides extraits du neem pour le controle des insectes nuisibles and leurs effets sur les animaux.
Abstract: Les substances derivees du «neem», efficaces contre les insectes sont examines (influence sur le comportement de fixation, la ponte, la prise de nourriture, la metamorphose, la fecondite, la fitners) ainsi que les capacites potentielles des insecticides extraits du neem pour le controle des insectes nuisibles et leurs effets sur les animaux a sang chaud et sur l'homme
1,595 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Examples of phytochemicals evaluated against mosquitoes as general toxicants, growth and reproduction inhibitors, repellents and ovipositional deterrents are given.
Abstract: A review on the reported uses of chemicals derived from botanical sources is presented, along with the part of the plant used for extraction, the mosquito species studied and the bioactivity observed for 344 plant species. Examples of phytochemicals evaluated against mosquitoes as general toxicants, growth and reproduction inhibitors, repellents and ovipositional deterrents are given. The effects of mosquito species and life stage specificity, solvents used for extraction, phototoxic activity and the geographical source from where the plant compounds are derived are discussed.
735 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: The tree and its characteristics biologically active ingredients effects on viruses and organisms neem products for pest management and practical results of neem applications against arthropod pests, and probability of development of resistance toxicity of neems to vertebrates and side effects on beneficial and other non-target organisms as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The tree and its characteristics biologically active ingredients effects on viruses and organisms neem products for pest management and practical results of neem applications against arthropod pests, and probability of development of resistance toxicity of neem to vertebrates and side effects on beneficial and other non-target organisms various uses of neem products economic, socioeconomic and policy considerations, and neem in sociocultural life in South Asia other meliaceous plants containing ingredients for pest management and other purposes register of scientific and common names. (Part contents).
414 citations