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Journal ArticleDOI

Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Azadirachta indica) formulation against mosquitoes

08 Jun 2009-Malaria Journal (BioMed Central)-Vol. 8, Iss: 1, pp 124-124
TL;DR: The neem oil formulation was found effective in controlling mosquito larvae in different breeding sites under natural field conditions and may prove to be an effective and eco-friendly larvicide, which could be used as an alternative for malaria control.
Abstract: Background Mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year. Use of synthetic insecticides to control vector mosquitoes has caused physiological resistance and adverse environmental effects in addition to high operational cost. Insecticides of botanical origin have been reported as useful for control of mosquitoes. Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) and its derived products have shown a variety of insecticidal properties. The present paper discusses the larvicidal activity of neem-based biopesticide for the control of mosquitoes.
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Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2022
TL;DR: A review of scientific studies that deal with the obtaining of useful substances produced by nature and/or inspired by nature for the control of the vector and treatment of the disease, focusing on the existing relationships between the molecular scaffolds and their biological activities is presented in this article .
Abstract: Mosquitoes are estimated to be the deadliest living beings globally, mediating a million deaths worldwide. One of the diseases that mosquitoes can transmit is dengue fever, caused by the dengue virus, in which the species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are involved. Currently, dengue fever treatment mainly controls symptoms since there are still no licensed vaccines and/or approved drugs to treat this infectious disease. The products of natural origin, obtained from plants, microorganisms, and animals, have served as a basis for developing active substances against several diseases, including those resistant to conventional treatments. Besides, they provide us with a variety of molecular scaffolds beyond the developmental capabilities of synthetic medicinal chemists, serving as a source of constant inspiration for the development of new drugs. Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, peptides, alkaloids, and terpenes have been shown to inhibit essential viral replication processes, showing promise for dengue treatment. Other compounds still have the potential to control vector proliferation, such as simple aromatic compounds, lactones, terpenes, steroids, alkaloids, naphthoquinones, and phenylpropanoid coumarins, flavonoids, and lignans, acting both against the adult vector and against its larvae, and even their eggs. Notwithstanding these facts, we propose with this chapter a review of scientific studies that deal with the obtaining of useful substances produced by nature and/or inspired by nature for the control of the vector and treatment of the disease, focusing on the existing relationships between the molecular scaffolds and their biological activities.

1 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the larvicidal efficacy of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf extracts against the 3rd instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus at five dose concentrations (viz.
Abstract: Eucalyptus camaldulensis was assayed to evaluate the larvicidal efficacy of its leaf extracts against the 3rd instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus at five dose concentrations (viz. 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0) in five solvents (viz. chloroform, ethanol, di-chloromethane, acetone and water) based extracts after 24 hrs exposure. Among all the extracts the shade dried chloroform based leaf extracts showed the highest larvicidal efficacy (viz. 42.67, 56.67, 68.0, 92.67 and 100%) at low dose concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.25, respectively while the sun dried water based leaf extracts showed the lowest larvicidal efficacy (viz. 21.33, 30.67, 48.67, 58.0 and 74.0%) at high dose concentrations of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0, respectively among the ten different experimental conditions. The relative potency of ten types of crude leaf extracts of E. camaldulensis against the mosquito larvae are shown as follows in decreasing order on the basis of LC50 value : Shade dried chloroform based leaf extract (0.356 mg/ml) > sun dried chloroform based leaf extract (0.400 mg/ml) > shade dried di-chloromethane based leaf extract (0.411 mg/ml) > sun dried dichloromethane based leaf extract (0.579 mg/ml) > shade dried ethanol based leaf extract (0.736 mg/ml) > sun dried ethanol based leaf extract (0.817 mg/ml) > shade dried acetone based leaf extract (1.000 mg/ml) > sun dried acetone based leaf extract (1.251 mg/ml) > shade dried water based leaf extract (1.807 mg/ml) > Sun dried water based leaf extract (2.020 mg/ml).The effectiveness of the shade dried leaf extracts was shown higher than the sun dried leaf extracts under comparable condition. No mortality was observed in control treatment. The study revealed that these leaf extracts have the potency to consider as an effective larvicidal agent. It is an alternative source for developing a novel larvicide for controlling the mosquito species.

1 citations


Cites methods from "Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..."

  • ...Bioassay test: In this experiment a larvicidal bioassay method was followed with slight modifications(20)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Considerable reductions in larval growth and pupal development of mosquito suggested that this plant should be utilized in mosquito control programmes.
Abstract: Honeybee (Apis mellifera) population is going down across the globe due to honeybee pathogens. This greatly influences the bee-associated commercial food products production. Likewise, mosquitoes are prominent vector responsible for spreading life-threatening human diseases, including malaria and dengue. The plant-based insecticides are a better substitute to the recent control practices of honeybee pathogenic bacteria and mosquito. Here, we performed in vitro screening of Nepeta clarkei Hook. f. (Labiatae) aqueous extracts against three honey bee gut bacterial isolates including Paenibacillus larvae an infamous honeybee bacterial pathogen. The inhibitory zone was produced in the range of 6–14 mm diameters against three honey bee bacterial isolates. Likewise, fourth instars larvae of Culex (Diptera/Culicidae) were also subjected to check the possible larvicidal efficacy of N. clarkei. A normal media supplemented with N. clarkei in different concentrations (0.025% 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.2%) affe...

1 citations


Cites background or result from "Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..."

  • ...%) concentration (Figure 6), as reported by Dua et al. (2009) about the efficacy of neem oil formulation against the late third and early fourth instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus with lethal concentration (LC50) at 1.8 ppm (Dua et al. 2009)....

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  • ...The lethal concentration at which 50% of the mosquito larvae failed to become pupae was found to be 0.1% after 24 h of treatment which is congruent to the finding of Sivagnaname and Kalyanasundaram (2004) and Dua et al. (2009)....

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01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: Several essential oils are reported to control the mosquito species and will help the scientists to develop botanical and environment friendly insect repellents.
Abstract: Mosquitoes are responsible for human and animal health problems in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. They transmit malaria, filariasis, chikungunya, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever. Personal protection can prevent the victims from mosquito bites. After application of synthetic mosquitocides, several allergies like contact urticarial, skin eruption and encephalopathy is reported. To overcome the adverse effects of pesticide use, there is a need to develop mosquito repellents derived from plant extracts. Plant essential oils are plant derivatives. Some of essential oils possess mosquitocidal properties. They are target selective, biodegrade to non-toxic products and have few effects on non-target organisms and our environment. In this paper, several essential oils are reported to control the mosquito species. These plant essential oils will help the scientists to develop botanical and environment friendly insect repellents.

1 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , nanoemulsions of abamectin, garlic, and neem oils were prepared by a high-energy approach and characterized by transmission electron microscopy.
Abstract: Abstract Due to the harmful effects of synthetic chemical acaricides on ecosystems and human health, there is increasing interest in the use of nanotechnology to fabricate eco-friendly nanoemulsions based on plant oils in the field of spider mite control. In this study, nanoemulsions of abamectin, garlic, and neem oils were prepared by a high-energy approach and characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The droplet sizes of all tested nanoemulsions were less than 100 nm. The acaricidal activities of the prepared nanoemulsions compared to abamectin were evaluated against a susceptible laboratory strain of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) under laboratory and field conditions. The results showed that abamectin nanoemulsion was the most toxic compound against adult females of T. urticae followed by abamectin emulsion. Neem nanoemulsion had moderate toxicity and garlic nanoemulsion had the lowest toxicity. The effects of tested compound residues on egg deposition and egg hatching in descending order were as follows: abamectin nanoemulsion > abamectin emulsion > neem oil nanoemulsion < garlic oil nanoemulsion. In the field experiment, all tested compounds were effective in reducing the population density of T. urticae in the motile stage, with mean reductions ranging between 66.08% and 95.24% for all compounds. The most effective compound was abamectin nanoemulsion. The results of the present study demonstrate that nanoemulsion enhanced the biological activity of abamectin. Further, neem and garlic oil nanoemulsions have potential utility as environmentally friendly acaricides in integrated pest management programs.

1 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In order to make experimental studies comparable and statistically meaningful, the article recommends the following formula: per cent control = 100(X - Y)/X, which eliminates errors due to deaths in the control sample which were not due to the insecticide.
Abstract: There are several statistical methods used in biology (entomology) for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide, based on relating the number of dead insects in the treated plat to the number of live ones in the untreated plat. In order to make experimental studies comparable and statistically meaningful, the article recommends the following formula: per cent control = 100(X - Y)/X, where X = % living in the untreated check sample and Y = % living in the treated sample. Calculation using this method eliminates errors due to deaths in the control sample which were not due to the insecticide. An example based on treatments of San Jose scale includes computation of probable errors for X and Y, and the significance of the difference between the two counts. Common biometric convention holds that when the difference between the results of two experiments is greater than three times its probable error, the results are significant and due to the treatment applied.

11,700 citations


"Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The percent corrected mortality was calculated using Abbott's formula [13] and Log probit analysis was used to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50)/90% lethal concentration (LC90) of the formulation....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical insecticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.
Abstract: Botanical insecticides have long been touted as attractive alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides for pest management because botanicals reputedly pose little threat to the environment or to human health. The body of scientific literature documenting bioactivity of plant derivatives to arthropod pests continues to expand, yet only a handful of botanicals are currently used in agriculture in the industrialized world, and there are few prospects for commercial development of new botanical products. Pyrethrum and neem are well established commercially, pesticides based on plant essential oils have recently entered the marketplace, and the use of rotenone appears to be waning. A number of plant substances have been considered for use as insect antifeedants or repellents, but apart from some natural mosquito repellents, little commercial success has ensued for plant substances that modify arthropod behavior. Several factors appear to limit the success of botanicals, most notably regulatory barriers and the availability of competing products (newer synthetics, fermentation products, microbials) that are cost-effective and relatively safe compared with their predecessors. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical insecticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.

2,996 citations


"Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Many of these derived products have antifeedancy, ovicidal activity, fecundity suppression besides insect growth regulation and repellency against insects [ 5-10 ]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Les substances derivees du «neem», efficaces contre les insectes sont examines (influence sur le comportement de fixation, the ponte, the prise de nourriture, the metamorphose, the fecondite, the fitners) ainsi que les capacites potentielles des insecticides extraits du neem pour le controle des insectes nuisibles and leurs effets sur les animaux.
Abstract: Les substances derivees du «neem», efficaces contre les insectes sont examines (influence sur le comportement de fixation, la ponte, la prise de nourriture, la metamorphose, la fecondite, la fitners) ainsi que les capacites potentielles des insecticides extraits du neem pour le controle des insectes nuisibles et leurs effets sur les animaux a sang chaud et sur l'homme

1,595 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: Examples of phytochemicals evaluated against mosquitoes as general toxicants, growth and reproduction inhibitors, repellents and ovipositional deterrents are given.
Abstract: A review on the reported uses of chemicals derived from botanical sources is presented, along with the part of the plant used for extraction, the mosquito species studied and the bioactivity observed for 344 plant species. Examples of phytochemicals evaluated against mosquitoes as general toxicants, growth and reproduction inhibitors, repellents and ovipositional deterrents are given. The effects of mosquito species and life stage specificity, solvents used for extraction, phototoxic activity and the geographical source from where the plant compounds are derived are discussed.

735 citations

Book
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: The tree and its characteristics biologically active ingredients effects on viruses and organisms neem products for pest management and practical results of neem applications against arthropod pests, and probability of development of resistance toxicity of neems to vertebrates and side effects on beneficial and other non-target organisms as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The tree and its characteristics biologically active ingredients effects on viruses and organisms neem products for pest management and practical results of neem applications against arthropod pests, and probability of development of resistance toxicity of neem to vertebrates and side effects on beneficial and other non-target organisms various uses of neem products economic, socioeconomic and policy considerations, and neem in sociocultural life in South Asia other meliaceous plants containing ingredients for pest management and other purposes register of scientific and common names. (Part contents).

414 citations