Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Azadirachta indica) formulation against mosquitoes
TL;DR: The neem oil formulation was found effective in controlling mosquito larvae in different breeding sites under natural field conditions and may prove to be an effective and eco-friendly larvicide, which could be used as an alternative for malaria control.
Abstract: Background
Mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year. Use of synthetic insecticides to control vector mosquitoes has caused physiological resistance and adverse environmental effects in addition to high operational cost. Insecticides of botanical origin have been reported as useful for control of mosquitoes. Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) and its derived products have shown a variety of insecticidal properties. The present paper discusses the larvicidal activity of neem-based biopesticide for the control of mosquitoes.
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TL;DR: The GCMS analysis observed five volatile compounds from Bacterial extract and seven bioactive compounds detected from neem extract, which gives the farmers a rational solution to the pest control problem due to their economic benefits and lowers social costs.
Abstract: The tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura , is a crucial polyphagous pest on plants, which is present throughout the South and Eastern world. Extract of S. avermitilis in combination with A. indica performed well than the extract alone from Streptomyces avermitilis . And combined extracts of bacteria and neem have maximum mortality (100 per cent at 250 ppm), LC 50 value (124.85 ppm), LC 90 value (305.4 ppm) and antifeedant rate (64.6 ± 15.69 per cent) than the extract from S. avermitilis alone (Mortality = 92 percent at 250 ppm; LC 50 = 93.61 ppm; LC 90 = 243.49 ppm; Antifeedant rate = 59.6 ± 15.13 percent). When S. avermitilis extracts at the concentration of 50ppm are treated to the Spodoptera litura , morphological changes are observed. The GCMS analysis observed five volatile compounds from Bacterial extract and seven bioactive compounds detected from neem extract. Hence, integrated pest control is the possible solution for many insects in the future. Our result gives the farmers a rational solution to the pest control problem due to their economic benefits and lowers social costs.
1 citations
TL;DR: A multivalent vaccine that can be effective against multiple stages of the parasite is urgently needed to achieve the goal of complete malaria eradication.
1 citations
Cites background from "Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..."
...[15], Carica papaya [16] and neem [17] have been experimentally proved....
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TL;DR: In this article, the potential of Rosmarinus officinalis, tea tree and Neem extractable oils as potential inhibitors of sulphite reductase (SIR) was investigated.
Abstract: Sulphate-reducing bacteria are commonly associated with biological causes of oil well souring. Biosulphetogenesis can directly affect oil quality and storage due to the accumulation of sulphides. In addition, these microorganisms can create bio-incrustation that can clog pipes. Sulphite reductase (SIR) is the enzyme responsible for converting ion sulphite into sulphide and several substances may interfere or control such activity. This interference can hinder growth of the sulphate-reducing bacteria and, consequently, it reduces sulphide accumulation in situ. This work focuses on molecular modelling techniques along with in vitro experiments in order to investigate the potential of two essential oils and one vegetable oil as main inhibitors of sulphite reductase activity. Docking simulation identified several substances present in Rosmarinus officinalis, Tea tree and Neem extractable oils as potential inhibitors of SIR. Substances present in Neem vegetable oil are the most potent inhibitors, followed by Rosmarinus officinalis and Tea tree essential oils. The Neem oil mixture showed a superior effectiveness in intracellular SIR inhibitory effects.
1 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Azadirachta indica is a promising phytochemical which can be used sustainably as an alternative for chemical insecticide in controlling mosquitoes.
Abstract: Azadirachta indica extracts (ethanol and aqueous) were tested against the 2nd and 3rd instar larvae of Anopheles mosquitoes. Anopheles mosquito were collected from possible breeding sites such as the puddles, tires tracks, rice fields, gutters etc. around Mubi town. Probit analysis was used to determine the lethal concentration of the extracts at 50% and 95% i.e. LC50 and LC95, respectively. The result of the laboratory bioassay revealed that A. indica extracts at 50, 100 and 200 mg/ml significantly (P>0.05) controlled larval Anopheles mosquitoes in Mubi. However, ethanol extract proved to be more potent than aqueous extract as 100% mortality was recorded after 24 hours in all its concentrations, compared to aqueous extract, where mortality was spread between 24 hours and 48 hours. The LC50 and LC95 further proved the superiority of ethanol extract over aqueous extract. LC50 (-12.309) and LC95 (3.589) calculated for ethanol extract was significantly lower compared to LC50 (2.24E+08) and LC95 (1.08E+09) recorded for aqueous extract. Therefore, A. indica is a promising phytochemical which can be used sustainably as an alternative for chemical insecticide in controlling mosquitoes.
1 citations
Cites background from "Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..."
...[21] where larvicidal activity of neem oil formulation was evaluated against mosquitoes....
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...Neem seed extracts have been reported to have larvicidal ability against vectors of diseases such as malaria, filaria, dengue, dengue haemorrhagic fever, and yellow fever ([21])....
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References
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TL;DR: In order to make experimental studies comparable and statistically meaningful, the article recommends the following formula: per cent control = 100(X - Y)/X, which eliminates errors due to deaths in the control sample which were not due to the insecticide.
Abstract: There are several statistical methods used in biology (entomology) for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide, based on relating the number of dead insects in the treated plat to the number of live ones in the untreated plat. In order to make experimental studies comparable and statistically meaningful, the article recommends the following formula: per cent control = 100(X - Y)/X, where X = % living in the untreated check sample and Y = % living in the treated sample. Calculation using this method eliminates errors due to deaths in the control sample which were not due to the insecticide. An example based on treatments of San Jose scale includes computation of probable errors for X and Y, and the significance of the difference between the two counts. Common biometric convention holds that when the difference between the results of two experiments is greater than three times its probable error, the results are significant and due to the treatment applied.
11,700 citations
"Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..." refers methods in this paper
...The percent corrected mortality was calculated using Abbott's formula [13] and Log probit analysis was used to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50)/90% lethal concentration (LC90) of the formulation....
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TL;DR: In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical insecticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.
Abstract: Botanical insecticides have long been touted as attractive alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides for pest management because botanicals reputedly pose little threat to the environment or to human health. The body of scientific literature documenting bioactivity of plant derivatives to arthropod pests continues to expand, yet only a handful of botanicals are currently used in agriculture in the industrialized world, and there are few prospects for commercial development of new botanical products. Pyrethrum and neem are well established commercially, pesticides based on plant essential oils have recently entered the marketplace, and the use of rotenone appears to be waning. A number of plant substances have been considered for use as insect antifeedants or repellents, but apart from some natural mosquito repellents, little commercial success has ensued for plant substances that modify arthropod behavior. Several factors appear to limit the success of botanicals, most notably regulatory barriers and the availability of competing products (newer synthetics, fermentation products, microbials) that are cost-effective and relatively safe compared with their predecessors. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical insecticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.
2,996 citations
"Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..." refers background in this paper
...Many of these derived products have antifeedancy, ovicidal activity, fecundity suppression besides insect growth regulation and repellency against insects [ 5-10 ]....
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TL;DR: Les substances derivees du «neem», efficaces contre les insectes sont examines (influence sur le comportement de fixation, the ponte, the prise de nourriture, the metamorphose, the fecondite, the fitners) ainsi que les capacites potentielles des insecticides extraits du neem pour le controle des insectes nuisibles and leurs effets sur les animaux.
Abstract: Les substances derivees du «neem», efficaces contre les insectes sont examines (influence sur le comportement de fixation, la ponte, la prise de nourriture, la metamorphose, la fecondite, la fitners) ainsi que les capacites potentielles des insecticides extraits du neem pour le controle des insectes nuisibles et leurs effets sur les animaux a sang chaud et sur l'homme
1,595 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Examples of phytochemicals evaluated against mosquitoes as general toxicants, growth and reproduction inhibitors, repellents and ovipositional deterrents are given.
Abstract: A review on the reported uses of chemicals derived from botanical sources is presented, along with the part of the plant used for extraction, the mosquito species studied and the bioactivity observed for 344 plant species. Examples of phytochemicals evaluated against mosquitoes as general toxicants, growth and reproduction inhibitors, repellents and ovipositional deterrents are given. The effects of mosquito species and life stage specificity, solvents used for extraction, phototoxic activity and the geographical source from where the plant compounds are derived are discussed.
735 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: The tree and its characteristics biologically active ingredients effects on viruses and organisms neem products for pest management and practical results of neem applications against arthropod pests, and probability of development of resistance toxicity of neems to vertebrates and side effects on beneficial and other non-target organisms as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The tree and its characteristics biologically active ingredients effects on viruses and organisms neem products for pest management and practical results of neem applications against arthropod pests, and probability of development of resistance toxicity of neem to vertebrates and side effects on beneficial and other non-target organisms various uses of neem products economic, socioeconomic and policy considerations, and neem in sociocultural life in South Asia other meliaceous plants containing ingredients for pest management and other purposes register of scientific and common names. (Part contents).
414 citations