Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Azadirachta indica) formulation against mosquitoes
TL;DR: The neem oil formulation was found effective in controlling mosquito larvae in different breeding sites under natural field conditions and may prove to be an effective and eco-friendly larvicide, which could be used as an alternative for malaria control.
Abstract: Background
Mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year. Use of synthetic insecticides to control vector mosquitoes has caused physiological resistance and adverse environmental effects in addition to high operational cost. Insecticides of botanical origin have been reported as useful for control of mosquitoes. Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) and its derived products have shown a variety of insecticidal properties. The present paper discusses the larvicidal activity of neem-based biopesticide for the control of mosquitoes.
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01 Mar 2013
TL;DR: The antibacterial activity of Neem (A indica) seed oil against two multi-drug resistant bacteria depends on the correlation of its concentration and thus isolation of bioactive components should be conducted.
Abstract: Pneumonia and skin diseases are some types of severe infections occur worldwide due to pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). These bacteria's do contribute towards other infections in human and thus lead towards unhealthy life. The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid composition and to investigate the toxic effect of seed oil of Neem, genus Azadirachta of Azadirachta indica (Family: Meliaceae) against two multi-drug resistant bacteria, namely; E. coli and S. aureus. The oil was extracted for 6 h through soxhlet method using hexane as solvent. The fatty acid composition was analyzed via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The composition resulted in detection of 8 fatty acids, whereby the dominant compound is linoleic acid of 34.69% and followed by oleic-, stearic-, palmitic-, arachidic-, behenic-, lignoceric-, and palmiticoleic acid at the percentage of 20.46, 20.42, 18.66, 3.59, 0.80, 0.55, and 0.17%, respectively. The bioassays were conducted through in vitro activity via disc diffusion method with five (5, 20, 50, 80, and 100 mg/mL) different concentrations. Streptomycin and 1% Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were used as positive and negative controls respectively. The bioassay provided inhibition zone that lies between 8.7 to 11.7 mm and 8.7 to 13.0 mm for E. coli and S. aureus respectively at the concentration of 5 to 100 mg/mL. The antibacterial activity of Neem (A indica) seed oil against these bacteria depends on the correlation of its concentration and thus isolation of bioactive components should be conducted.
23 citations
Cites background from "Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..."
...2210-2892/13 2013 Bentham Open Keywords: Neem, Azadirachta indica, seed oil, fatty acid composition, antibacterial activity....
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TL;DR: Water dispersible tablet (WT), containing neem (Azadirachta indica) oil as a mosquitocide, exhibited 98% mortality against third instars larvae of Anopheles culicifacies followed by residual effect upto sixth week and was found to be non-toxic to the non-target fish, Poecilia reticulate.
20 citations
TL;DR: The idea that homeostasis has been redefined within just a few generations, and that diseases such as colorectal cancer are the result of fluctuating physiological and molecular imbalances is explored.
Abstract: The advent of modern medicine has allowed for significant advances within the fields of emergency care, surgery, and infectious disease control. Health threats that were historically responsible for immeasurable tolls on human life are now all but eradicated within certain populations, specifically those that enjoy higher degrees of socio-economic status and access to healthcare. However, modernization and its resulting lifestyle trends have ushered in a new era of chronic illness; one in which an unprecedented number of people are estimated to contract cancer and other inflammatory diseases. Here, we explore the idea that homeostasis has been redefined within just a few generations, and that diseases such as colorectal cancer are the result of fluctuating physiological and molecular imbalances. Phytochemical-deprived, pro-inflammatory diets combined with low-dose exposures to environmental toxins, including bisphenol-A (BPA) and other endocrine disruptors, are now linked to increasing incidences of cancer in westernized societies and developing countries. There is recent evidence that disease determinants are likely set in utero and further perpetuated into adulthood dependent upon the innate and environmentally-acquired phenotype unique to each individual. In order to address a disease as multi-factorial, case-specific, and remarkably adaptive as cancer, research must focus on its root causes in order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which they can be prevented or counteracted via plant-derived compounds such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and resveratrol. The significant role of epigenetics in the regulation of these complex processes is emphasized here to form a comprehensive view of the dynamic interactions that influence modern-day carcinogenesis, and how sensibly restoring homeostatic balance may be the key to the cancer riddle.
19 citations
Cites background from "Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..."
...Neem extract was shown to be larvicidal against mosquitoes (Dua et al., 2009), found to inhibit early stages of rodent embryogenesis and implantation (Mukherjee et al....
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...Neem extract was shown to be larvicidal against mosquitoes (Dua et al., 2009), found to inhibit early stages of rodent embryogenesis and implantation (Mukherjee et al., 1999), and has been historically used as a human contraceptive in India....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: The present investigation proved that G. Sylvestre could be possibly utilized as an important component in the Vector control Programme.
Abstract: AIM : To determine the larvicidal activity of various extracts of Gymnema (G.) sylvestre against the Japanese Encephalitis vec - tor, Culex tritaeniorynchus in Tamilnadu, India. To identify the active principle present in the promis - ing fraction obtained in Chlorofom:Methanol ex - tract of Fraction 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The G. Sylvestre leaf extracts were tested, employing WHO proce - dure against fourth instar larvae of C. tritae - niorhynchus and the larval mortalities were recorded at various concentrations (6.25 mi - crog/ml); the 24h LC 50 values of the G. Sylvestre leaf extracts were determined following Probit analysis. It was noteworthy, that treatment level 100 ppm exhibited highest mortality rates for the three different crude extracts and was significant - ly different from the mean mortalities recorded for the other concentrations. RESULTS: The LC 50 values of 34.756 microg/ml (24.475-51.41), 31.351 microg/ml (20.634-47.043) and 28.577 microg/ml (25.159-32.308) were cal - culated in acetone, chloroform and methanol ex - tract with the chi-square values of 10.301, 31.351 and 4.093 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present investigation proved that G. Sylvestre could be possibly uti - lized as an important component in the Vector control Programme.
18 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The crude methanolic extract of the An.
Abstract: Background : Mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of death every year. Vector control is facing a threat due to the emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides. Insecticides of botanical origin may serve as suitable alternative biocontrol techniques in the future. Nine different locally available medicinally important plants suspected to posse larvicidal property were screened against fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi to a series of concentrations of the methanolic extracts. Methods: Susceptibility tests on Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi were conducted using standard WHO methods. The larvae of two mosquito species were exposed to methanolic extracts and mortality counts were made after 24 hours of exposure as per WHO method. Larvae of Ae. aegypti were more susceptible than that of An. stephensi . Results: Among the nine plant species tested, Annona reticulata leaf extract was more effective against Ae. aegypti larvae with LC 50 and LC 90 values of 95.24 and 262.64 ppm respectively and against An. stephensi larvae 262.71 and 636.94 ppm respectively. The least efficacy was in Cosmos bipinnatus with LC 50 and LC 90 values of 442.6 and 1225.93 ppm against Ae. aegypti and LC 50 and LC 90 values of 840.69 and 1334.01 ppm of Thespesia populnea against An. stephensi . Conclusion: The crude methanolic extract of the An. reticulata with good larvicidal efficacy could be considered for further characterization to control mosquito vectors instead of chemical insecticides. High efficacy found in An. reticulata extract will be considered for further studies to isolate the bioactive compound.
18 citations
Cites background from "Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..."
...Dua et al. (2009) showed that the LC50 values of the neem oil were 1.6 and 1.7 ppm while LC90 values were 3.4 and 3.7 ppm against An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti respectively....
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References
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TL;DR: In order to make experimental studies comparable and statistically meaningful, the article recommends the following formula: per cent control = 100(X - Y)/X, which eliminates errors due to deaths in the control sample which were not due to the insecticide.
Abstract: There are several statistical methods used in biology (entomology) for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide, based on relating the number of dead insects in the treated plat to the number of live ones in the untreated plat. In order to make experimental studies comparable and statistically meaningful, the article recommends the following formula: per cent control = 100(X - Y)/X, where X = % living in the untreated check sample and Y = % living in the treated sample. Calculation using this method eliminates errors due to deaths in the control sample which were not due to the insecticide. An example based on treatments of San Jose scale includes computation of probable errors for X and Y, and the significance of the difference between the two counts. Common biometric convention holds that when the difference between the results of two experiments is greater than three times its probable error, the results are significant and due to the treatment applied.
11,700 citations
"Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..." refers methods in this paper
...The percent corrected mortality was calculated using Abbott's formula [13] and Log probit analysis was used to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50)/90% lethal concentration (LC90) of the formulation....
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TL;DR: In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical insecticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.
Abstract: Botanical insecticides have long been touted as attractive alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides for pest management because botanicals reputedly pose little threat to the environment or to human health. The body of scientific literature documenting bioactivity of plant derivatives to arthropod pests continues to expand, yet only a handful of botanicals are currently used in agriculture in the industrialized world, and there are few prospects for commercial development of new botanical products. Pyrethrum and neem are well established commercially, pesticides based on plant essential oils have recently entered the marketplace, and the use of rotenone appears to be waning. A number of plant substances have been considered for use as insect antifeedants or repellents, but apart from some natural mosquito repellents, little commercial success has ensued for plant substances that modify arthropod behavior. Several factors appear to limit the success of botanicals, most notably regulatory barriers and the availability of competing products (newer synthetics, fermentation products, microbials) that are cost-effective and relatively safe compared with their predecessors. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical insecticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.
2,996 citations
"Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Az..." refers background in this paper
...Many of these derived products have antifeedancy, ovicidal activity, fecundity suppression besides insect growth regulation and repellency against insects [ 5-10 ]....
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TL;DR: Les substances derivees du «neem», efficaces contre les insectes sont examines (influence sur le comportement de fixation, the ponte, the prise de nourriture, the metamorphose, the fecondite, the fitners) ainsi que les capacites potentielles des insecticides extraits du neem pour le controle des insectes nuisibles and leurs effets sur les animaux.
Abstract: Les substances derivees du «neem», efficaces contre les insectes sont examines (influence sur le comportement de fixation, la ponte, la prise de nourriture, la metamorphose, la fecondite, la fitners) ainsi que les capacites potentielles des insecticides extraits du neem pour le controle des insectes nuisibles et leurs effets sur les animaux a sang chaud et sur l'homme
1,595 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Examples of phytochemicals evaluated against mosquitoes as general toxicants, growth and reproduction inhibitors, repellents and ovipositional deterrents are given.
Abstract: A review on the reported uses of chemicals derived from botanical sources is presented, along with the part of the plant used for extraction, the mosquito species studied and the bioactivity observed for 344 plant species. Examples of phytochemicals evaluated against mosquitoes as general toxicants, growth and reproduction inhibitors, repellents and ovipositional deterrents are given. The effects of mosquito species and life stage specificity, solvents used for extraction, phototoxic activity and the geographical source from where the plant compounds are derived are discussed.
735 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: The tree and its characteristics biologically active ingredients effects on viruses and organisms neem products for pest management and practical results of neem applications against arthropod pests, and probability of development of resistance toxicity of neems to vertebrates and side effects on beneficial and other non-target organisms as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The tree and its characteristics biologically active ingredients effects on viruses and organisms neem products for pest management and practical results of neem applications against arthropod pests, and probability of development of resistance toxicity of neem to vertebrates and side effects on beneficial and other non-target organisms various uses of neem products economic, socioeconomic and policy considerations, and neem in sociocultural life in South Asia other meliaceous plants containing ingredients for pest management and other purposes register of scientific and common names. (Part contents).
414 citations