Laser amplification by gravitational field
TL;DR: In this article, a volume density of polarization induced by gravitation in space with an electric vector of radiation inside a maser cavity was investigated and it was shown that the 2vn Fourier component in the cavity resonator is responsible for maser amplification.
Abstract: We look at the source equation for the electric vector of radiation inside a maser cavity (W. E. Lamb jr.) and investigate if a volume density of polarizationP = ( 2—Φ/c2)E, induced by gravitation (potential Φ) in space with an electric vectorE, can stimulate maser oscillations (vacuum of course is our acting medium). We consider the case of single-mode excitation. We see that, ifΦ does not vary with time, we get frequency shift only. Wave amplification would necessarily require a time-dependent Φ. Assuming a periodicityTn = 2π/vn inΦ, wherevn is the angular frequency of the excited mode of radiation in the cavity resonator, we see that the 2vn Fourier component inΦ is responsible for maser amplification. For the shift of frequency we observe that it is of the same order as the gravitational red-shift. Examples are constructed with some optical resonators.
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TL;DR: In this paper, an attempt to interpret a quasar as a gravitationally pumped maser was made, and the result was that the quasar was interpreted as a maser.
Abstract: The present paper constitutes an attempt to interpret a quasar as a gravitationally pumped maser.
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TL;DR: The principle of relativity Relativistic mechanics Electromagnetic fields electromagnetic waves as discussed by the authors The propagation of light The field of moving charges Radiation of electromagnetic waves Particle in a gravitational field The gravitational field equation
Abstract: The principle of relativity Relativistic mechanics Electromagnetic fields Electromagnetic waves The propagation of light The field of moving charges Radiation of electromagnetic waves Particle in a gravitational field The gravitational field equation The field of gravitational bodies Gravitational waves Relativistic cosmology Index.
9,047 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1922
TL;DR: The Meaning of Relativity as mentioned in this paper is the first book by Einstein to be published by an American publisher, having been published by Princeton University Press in 1921 under the title "The Stafford Little Lectures for that year".
Abstract: In 1921, five years after the appearance of his comprehensive paper on general relativity and twelve years before he left Europe permanently to join the Institute for Advanced Study, Albert Einstein visited Princeton University, where he delivered the Stafford Little Lectures for that year. These four lectures constituted an overview of his then-controversial theory of relativity. Princeton University Press made the lectures available under the title "The Meaning of Relativity," the first book by Einstein to be produced by an American publisher. As subsequent editions were brought out by the Press, Einstein included new material amplifying the theory. A revised version of the appendix "Relativistic Theory of the Non-Symmetric Field," added to the posthumous edition of 1956, was Einstein's last scientific paper.
1,605 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical investigation has been undertaken to study diffraction of electromagnetic waves in Fabry-Perot interferometers when they are used as resonators in optical masers.
Abstract: A theoretical investigation has been undertaken to study diffraction of electromagnetic waves in Fabry-Perot interferometers when they are used as resonators in optical masers. An electronic digital computer was programmed to compute the electromagnetic field across the mirrors of the interferometer where an initially launched wave is reflected back and forth between the mirrors. It was found that after many reflections a state is reached in which the relative field distribution does not vary from transit to transit and the amplitude of the field decays at an exponential rate. This steady-state field distribution is regarded as a normal mode of the interferometer. Many such normal modes are possible depending upon the initial wave distribution. The lowest-order mode, which has the lowest diffraction loss, has a high intensity at the middle of the mirror and rather low intensities at the edges. Therefore, the diffraction loss is much lower than would be predicted for a uniform plane wave. Curves for field distribution and diffraction loss are given for different mirror geometries and different modes. Since each mode has a characteristic loss and phase shift per transit, a uniform plane wave which can be resolved into many modes cannot, properly speaking, be resonated in an interferometer. In the usual optical interferometers, the resolution is too poor to resolve the individual mode resonances and the uniform plane wave distribution may be maintained approximately. However, in an oscillating maser, the lowest-order mode should dominate if the mirror spacing is correct for resonance. A confocal spherical system has also been investigated and the losses are shown to be orders of magnitude less than for plane mirrors.
1,420 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical model for the behavior of an optical maser is presented in which the electromagnetic field is treated classically, and the active medium is made up of thermally moving atoms which acquire nonlinear electric dipole moments under the action of the field according to the laws of quantum mechanics.
Abstract: A theoretical model for the behavior of an optical maser is presented in which the electromagnetic field is treated classically, and the active medium is made up of thermally moving atoms which acquire nonlinear electric dipole moments under the action of the field according to the laws of quantum mechanics. The corresponding macroscopic electric polarization of the medium acts as a source for an electromagnetic field. The self-consistency requirement that a quasistationary field should be sustained by the induced polarization leads to equations which determine the amplitudes and frequencies of multimode oscillation as functions of the various parameters characterizing the maser. Among the results obtained are: threshold conditions, single-mode output as a function of cavity tuning, frequency pulling and pushing, mode competition phenomena including frequency locking, production of combination tones, and population pulsations. A more approximate discussion of maser action using rate equations is also given in which the concept of "hole burning" plays a role.
1,385 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the Ausbreitung des Lichtes durch die Schwere beeinflust wird, e.g., das Lichtstrahlen, die in der Nahe der Sonne vorbeigehen, durch das Gravitationsfeld derselben nach der vorzubringenden Theorie eine Ablenkung erfahren, so das eine scheinbare Vergroserung des Winkelabstandes eines nahe an der sonne ersche
Abstract: Die Frage, ob die Ausbreitung des Lichtes durch die Schwere beeinflust wird, habe ich schon an einer vor vier Jahren erschienenen Abhandlung zu beantworten gesucht.2) Ich komme auf dies Thema wieder zuruck, weil mich meine damalige Darstellung des Gegenstandes nicht befriedigt, noch mehr aber, weil ich nun nachtraglich einsehe, das eine der wichtigsten Konsequenzen jener Betrachtung der experimentellen Prufung zuganglich ist. Es ergibt sich namlich, das Lichtstrahlen, die in der Nahe der Sonne vorbeigehen, durch das Gravitationsfeld derselben nach der vorzubringenden Theorie eine Ablenkung erfahren, so das eine scheinbare Vergroserung des Winkelabstandes eines nahe an der Sonne erscheinenden Fixsternes von dieser im Betrage von fast einer Bogensekunde eintritt.
603 citations