Layered double hydroxide: a new promising nanomaterial in energy application
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the synthetic approaches for these double hydroxides and their utilisations in the field of energy application and found that due to the controlled structure of the LDH the high potential in the energy application have been found as electrode, dielectric, and even semiconductor.
Abstract: Recent synthetic approaches allowed to obtain layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with different functions. Due to the controlled structure of the LDH the high potential in the energy application have been found as electrode, dielectric, and even semiconductor. It is a promising new-generation nanomaterial for the energy application. This report has been reviewing the synthetic approaches for these LDHs and their utilisations in the field of energy application.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: In this paper, a biobased modifier (cardanol-BS) was successfully synthesized from renewable resource cardanol via the ring-opening of 1, 4-butane sultone (BS).
Abstract: A biobased modifier (cardanol-BS) was successfully synthesized from renewable resource cardanol via the ring-opening of 1, 4-butane sultone (BS). Cardanol-BS modified layered double hydroxide (m-LDH) was developed through a one-step coprecipitation method and subsequently incorporated into epoxy resins (EPs) with different loadings using a combined technique of three-roll mill and ultrasonication. As a comparison, a pristine LDH/EP composite was also prepared using the same procedure. The XRD result indicated that the interlayer spacing of m-LDH was about 5-fold enlarged compared with that of pristine LDH. As a result, the enlarged interlayer spacing of m-LDH facilitated the homogeneous dispersion of the nanoadditive in the epoxy matrix, as evidenced by TEM and XRD results. The flame retardant properties were improved with the increase of the m-LDH loading. With only 6 wt % m-LDH, the EP composite reached a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 29.2% and UL-94 V0 rating. The peak heat release rate (PHRR), total ...
169 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of binary and ternary layered double hydroxides (LDHs) on the mechanical, thermal properties and flammability of polypropylene (PP) composites was investigated.
Abstract: Organo-modified binary (MgAl-) and ternary (MgZnAl-) layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were synthesized via a co-precipitation method, and subsequently dispersed into polypropylene (PP) in combination with an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) by a melt blending process. A comparative study on the effect of binary and ternary LDHs on the mechanical, thermal properties and flammability of flame retardant PP composites was undertaken. The incorporation of either binary or ternary LDH resulted in a slightly decreased tensile strength compared to neat PP matrix; however, the Young's modulus of PP/IFR/LDH composites was improved. The synergism between either binary or ternary LDH and IFR occurred during the combustion, but the ternary LDH showed superior char-formation ability and smoke suppression over the binary one due to the presence of the element zinc. In contrast to the binary LDH, the ternary LDH produced better quality char that effectively suppressed the spread of the flame and finally extinguished the fire.
53 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a functionalized layered double hydroxide (SPDP-LDH) has been prepared through hydrothermal method by co-precipitation method based on spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphorate disphosphoryl chlorine and Mg-Al LDH.
42 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison of the mixing phenomena of magnesium-aluminum layered double hydroxides (LDHs) intercalated by dodecylbenzene sulfonate (MgAl-DBS) in poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites is presented.
Abstract: This research work is based on the comparison of the mixing phenomena of magnesium–aluminum (MgAl) layered double hydroxides (LDHs) intercalated by dodecylbenzene sulfonate (MgAl-DBS) in poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Two mixing techniques were used to compare the dispersion of LDHs in PLA such as sonication-assisted masterbatch (SAM) melt mixing and direct melting (DM) methods. MgAl LDHs synthesized by the urea hydrolysis method and intercalated with DBS anions using anion exchange reaction and were used in different ratios in PLA (1.25, 2.5, and 5 wt%). MgAl LDHs and their anion intercalation were studied by the X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) method. Different properties of LDH/PLA composites were compared to analyze the effect of these mixing techniques. Dispersion and exfoliation of LDHs in PLA were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Influences on the rheological properties were evaluated by analyzing the complex viscosities (η*), storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G′′) by using a rheometer. The thermal properties, thermal stability and effect on crystallinity of composites made with the two mixing techniques were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) respectively. The mixing mechanism and amount of MgAl-DBS LDHs have a notable effect on the properties of PLA composites with sonication-assisted masterbatch melt mixing techniques giving better dispersion of LDHs in PLA composites as compared to direct melt mixing.
20 citations
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss recent developments in various functional layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and their effect on flame-retardant properties of various polymers.
Abstract: This chapter discusses recent developments in various functional layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and their effect on flame-retardant properties of various polymers. The first section describes LDH structure and various synthetic methodologies available to synthesize functional LDH. Different methods for the preparation of LDH-based polymer composites are addressed. The next part briefly describes the role of LDH as a flame retardant and its mechanism. Recent progress in flame retardancy of commercially important polymers based on a variety of functional LDHs is described, and their characterization and flame-retardant mechanism are discussed. Also, synergistic effects of LDHs with other flame retardants in different polymers are described.
13 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a photovoltaic cell, created from low-to medium-purity materials through low-cost processes, which exhibits a commercially realistic energy-conversion efficiency.
Abstract: THE large-scale use of photovoltaic devices for electricity generation is prohibitively expensive at present: generation from existing commercial devices costs about ten times more than conventional methods1. Here we describe a photovoltaic cell, created from low-to medium-purity materials through low-cost processes, which exhibits a commercially realistic energy-conversion efficiency. The device is based on a 10-µm-thick, optically transparent film of titanium dioxide particles a few nanometres in size, coated with a monolayer of a charge-transfer dye to sensitize the film for light harvesting. Because of the high surface area of the semiconductor film and the ideal spectral characteristics of the dye, the device harvests a high proportion of the incident solar energy flux (46%) and shows exceptionally high efficiencies for the conversion of incident photons to electrical current (more than 80%). The overall light-to-electric energy conversion yield is 7.1-7.9% in simulated solar light and 12% in diffuse daylight. The large current densities (greater than 12 mA cm-2) and exceptional stability (sustaining at least five million turnovers without decomposition), as well as the low cost, make practical applications feasible.
26,457 citations
TL;DR: Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency as mentioned in this paper, and many DSC research groups have been established around the world.
Abstract: Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...
8,707 citations
TL;DR: A sequential deposition method for the formation of the perovskite pigment within the porous metal oxide film that greatly increases the reproducibility of their performance and allows the fabrication of solid-state mesoscopic solar cells with unprecedented power conversion efficiencies and high stability.
Abstract: Following pioneering work, solution-processable organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites-such as CH3NH3PbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I)-have attracted attention as light-harvesting materials for mesoscopic solar cells. So far, the perovskite pigment has been deposited in a single step onto mesoporous metal oxide films using a mixture of PbX2 and CH3NH3X in a common solvent. However, the uncontrolled precipitation of the perovskite produces large morphological variations, resulting in a wide spread of photovoltaic performance in the resulting devices, which hampers the prospects for practical applications. Here we describe a sequential deposition method for the formation of the perovskite pigment within the porous metal oxide film. PbI2 is first introduced from solution into a nanoporous titanium dioxide film and subsequently transformed into the perovskite by exposing it to a solution of CH3NH3I. We find that the conversion occurs within the nanoporous host as soon as the two components come into contact, permitting much better control over the perovskite morphology than is possible with the previously employed route. Using this technique for the fabrication of solid-state mesoscopic solar cells greatly increases the reproducibility of their performance and allows us to achieve a power conversion efficiency of approximately 15 per cent (measured under standard AM1.5G test conditions on solar zenith angle, solar light intensity and cell temperature). This two-step method should provide new opportunities for the fabrication of solution-processed photovoltaic cells with unprecedented power conversion efficiencies and high stability equal to or even greater than those of today's best thin-film photovoltaic devices.
8,427 citations
5,346 citations
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, a review summarizes recent progress in the development of polymer solar cells and provides a synopsis of major achievements in the field over the past few years, while potential future developments and the applications of this technology are also briefly discussed.
Abstract: This Review summarizes recent progress in the development of polymer solar cells. It covers the scientific origins and basic properties of polymer solar cell technology, material requirements and device operation mechanisms, while also providing a synopsis of major achievements in the field over the past few years. Potential future developments and the applications of this technology are also briefly discussed.
3,832 citations