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Proceedings ArticleDOI

LEACH protocol based on Clustering and Multi-leader Selecting in Wireless Sensor Network

TL;DR: A simple augmentation to the original protocol of LEACH has good performance in LEACH routing protocol, and can greatly improve the network life cycle and throughput.
Abstract: In this paper, we consider the energy consumption problem of LEACH protocol in Wireless Sensor Network. Based on the network clustering analysis and multi-leader selection strategy, we propose applying a simple augmentation to the original protocol in order to solve the energy consumption problem. Finally, some comparative simulations reveal that the proposed approach has good performance in LEACH routing protocol, and can greatly improve the network life cycle and throughput.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed multi objective Adam hybridized flower pollination optimization needs to identify a best path to transmit data to sink which satisfies all the objectives and can easily optimize the service cost and maintain the required throughput.
Abstract: The network based on wireless sensors are said to as Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and these networks are a group of inexpensive and smaller battery-powered nodes, mainly used to monitor and gather data from various environment remotely. Wireless links available on these types of networks are mostly wouldn't be reliable, focus to build the routing trees to make gateway to the sink and transmit the gathered data for providing the required throughput. The most of the existing works are focused to enhance the lifetime of wireless network. The work presented here focused to reduce the service cost of remote monitoring system while transmitting the collected data. Reducing the service cost while maintaining the required throughput, the proposed multi objective Adam hybridized flower pollination optimization needs to identify a best path to transmit data to sink which satisfies all the objectives. It can easily optimize the service cost and maintain the required throughput. The multi objective considered here is throughput, service cost and energy consumption. Finally, the proposed work is evaluated and compared with two existing approaches, modLEACH and FACER.
Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this article , the authors proposed a network adaptive multi-mode LEACH protocol (M2M-LEACH) to meet QoS and energy efficiency requirements of IoT/machine-to-machine communication system.
Abstract: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), a distributed and infrastructure-free network, have expanded the horizons of the Internet of things (IoT) and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication systems. The rising demands with energy efficiency have been motivation for research on more efficient routing solutions. LEACH being most effective, but with less attention towards dynamics of topology and QOS requirements, has limited its ace. This paper proposes a network adaptive multi-mode LEACH protocol (M2M-LEACH) to meet QoS and energy efficiency requirements of IoT/M2M communication system. It performs a network adaptive grid partitioning, accommodating three different transmission modes—node to gateway (CNG), node to base station (CN-BS) and node to the cluster head (CH) and CH to base station (BS) while considering residual energy and inter-node distance for CH selection. Thus, the strategic implementation of the aforementioned multimode transmission with multi-parameter adaptive CH selection enabled timely and reliable transmission over large-scale dense WSN. The MATLAB-based simulation showed that the proposed M2M-LEACH protocol achieves better energy efficiency, throughput and network lifetime. It has also proven to achieve node alive rate then classical LEACH and its improved variants, resulting its suitability towards QOS and energy-efficient IoT/M2M communication systems.KeywordsWSNAdaptive routingLEACHCluster head (CH)GatewayMulti-mode transmissionThroughputCluster nodes (CN)
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work develops and analyzes low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), a protocol architecture for microsensor networks that combines the ideas of energy-efficient cluster-based routing and media access together with application-specific data aggregation to achieve good performance in terms of system lifetime, latency, and application-perceived quality.
Abstract: Networking together hundreds or thousands of cheap microsensor nodes allows users to accurately monitor a remote environment by intelligently combining the data from the individual nodes. These networks require robust wireless communication protocols that are energy efficient and provide low latency. We develop and analyze low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), a protocol architecture for microsensor networks that combines the ideas of energy-efficient cluster-based routing and media access together with application-specific data aggregation to achieve good performance in terms of system lifetime, latency, and application-perceived quality. LEACH includes a new, distributed cluster formation technique that enables self-organization of large numbers of nodes, algorithms for adapting clusters and rotating cluster head positions to evenly distribute the energy load among all the nodes, and techniques to enable distributed signal processing to save communication resources. Our results show that LEACH can improve system lifetime by an order of magnitude compared with general-purpose multihop approaches.

10,296 citations


"LEACH protocol based on Clustering ..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...LEACH-C[6] is a centralized routing protocol, which uses a central control algorithm to form clusters in the setup stage....

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  • ...However, since every node needs to inform its own status, the distance between the node and the BS cannot be too far, which leads to that LEACH-C could not be applied to the large-scale network....

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  • ...Compared with LEACH, LEACH-C and SEP, the performance of the new scheme has great improvement....

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  • ...The energy consumption of LEACH protocol is stable in the early stage, and with the changes of CH nodes and their corresponding clusters, the energy is exhausted when it runs about 1000 times, and the energy approaches to zero when LEACH-C and SEP run about after 1500 times....

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  • ...In the previous discussion, LEACH-C and SEP protocols have been put forward to improve LEACH....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A survey of state-of-the-art routing techniques in WSNs is presented and the design trade-offs between energy and communication overhead savings in every routing paradigm are studied.
Abstract: Wireless sensor networks consist of small nodes with sensing, computation, and wireless communications capabilities. Many routing, power management, and data dissemination protocols have been specifically designed for WSNs where energy awareness is an essential design issue. Routing protocols in WSNs might differ depending on the application and network architecture. In this article we present a survey of state-of-the-art routing techniques in WSNs. We first outline the design challenges for routing protocols in WSNs followed by a comprehensive survey of routing techniques. Overall, the routing techniques are classified into three categories based on the underlying network structure: flit, hierarchical, and location-based routing. Furthermore, these protocols can be classified into multipath-based, query-based, negotiation-based, QoS-based, and coherent-based depending on the protocol operation. We study the design trade-offs between energy and communication overhead savings in every routing paradigm. We also highlight the advantages and performance issues of each routing technique. The article concludes with possible future research areas.

4,701 citations


"LEACH protocol based on Clustering ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Routing protocols have been widely investigated for WSN, and detailed references can be found in [3, 4]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 2005
TL;DR: The three main categories explored in this paper are data-centric, hierarchical and location-based; each routing protocol is described and discussed under the appropriate category.
Abstract: Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. Most of the attention, however, has been given to the routing protocols since they might differ depending on the application and network architecture. This paper surveys recent routing protocols for sensor networks and presents a classification for the various approaches pursued. The three main categories explored in this paper are data-centric, hierarchical and location-based. Each routing protocol is described and discussed under the appropriate category. Moreover, protocols using contemporary methodologies such as network flow and quality of service modeling are also discussed. The paper concludes with open research issues. � 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

3,573 citations


"LEACH protocol based on Clustering ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Routing protocols have been widely investigated for WSN, and detailed references can be found in [3, 4]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
27 Jun 2014-Science
TL;DR: A method in which the cluster centers are recognized as local density maxima that are far away from any points of higher density, and the algorithm depends only on the relative densities rather than their absolute values.
Abstract: Cluster analysis is aimed at classifying elements into categories on the basis of their similarity. Its applications range from astronomy to bioinformatics, bibliometrics, and pattern recognition. We propose an approach based on the idea that cluster centers are characterized by a higher density than their neighbors and by a relatively large distance from points with higher densities. This idea forms the basis of a clustering procedure in which the number of clusters arises intuitively, outliers are automatically spotted and excluded from the analysis, and clusters are recognized regardless of their shape and of the dimensionality of the space in which they are embedded. We demonstrate the power of the algorithm on several test cases.

3,441 citations


"LEACH protocol based on Clustering ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...2) Density and Distance[11] There are two main ideas of the DD clustering method:...

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  • ...In this step we use two different partitioning algorithms, which are Spectral Graph Theory and Density and Distance....

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  • ...Here we consider two clustering algorithms: Spectral Graph Theory (SGT) and Density and Distance (DD)....

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  • ...2) Density and Distance[11] There are two main ideas of the DD clustering method: • The density of cluster center points is higher than its neighbor nodes; • The distance between the center points is longer....

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Journal ArticleDOI
24 Jul 2009-Science
TL;DR: An avalanche of research has shown that many real networks, independent of their age, function, and scope, converge to similar architectures, a universality that allowed researchers from different disciplines to embrace network theory as a common paradigm.
Abstract: For decades, we tacitly assumed that the components of such complex systems as the cell, the society, or the Internet are randomly wired together. In the past decade, an avalanche of research has shown that many real networks, independent of their age, function, and scope, converge to similar architectures, a universality that allowed researchers from different disciplines to embrace network theory as a common paradigm. The decade-old discovery of scale-free networks was one of those events that had helped catalyze the emergence of network science, a new research field with its distinct set of challenges and accomplishments.

1,865 citations