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Journal ArticleDOI

Leaching of chromated copper arsenate wood preservatives: a review

01 Jan 2001-Environmental Pollution (Elsevier)-Vol. 111, Iss: 1, pp 53-66
TL;DR: It is concluded from the literature that insufficient data exists regarding these effects to allow accurate quantification of leaching rates, and also highlights the need for standardised leaching protocols.
About: This article is published in Environmental Pollution.The article was published on 2001-01-01. It has received 349 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Chromated copper arsenate & Leaching (metallurgy).
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The ability of white-rot fungi to adsorb and accumulate metals together with the excellent mechanical properties of fungal mycelial pellets provide an opportunity for application of funGal mycelia in selective sorption of individual heavy metal ions from polluted water.

630 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An analysis of the currently available information on recognized problem areas, and an overview of current knowledge of the principal hydrogeochemical processes of arsenic transportation and transformation are provided, however, a more detailed understanding of local sources of arsenic and mechanisms of arsenic release is required.

589 citations

Journal Article

576 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive survey of colorimetric sensors for metal ions developed in the years from 2011 to 2016 (>450 references) is presented in this article, where the authors have focused on colourimetric sensor for metal ion detection.

356 citations

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: Past and current mining activities continue to provide sources of environmental contamination by arsenic, and evidence suggests that increased use of geothermal power may elevate risks of arsenic exposure in affected areas.
Abstract: Arsenic is a widely dispersed element in the Earth's crust and exists at an average concentration of approximately 5 mg/kg. There are many possible routes of human exposure to arsenic from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Arsenic occurs as a constituent in more than 200 minerals, although it primarily exists as arsenopyrite and as a constituent in several other sulfide minerals. The introduction of arsenic into drinking water can occur as a result of its natural geological presence in local bedrock. Arsenic-containing bedrock formations of this sort are known in Bangladesh, West Bengal (India), and regions of China, and many cases of endemic contamination by arsenic with serious consequences to human health are known from these areas. Significant natural contamination of surface waters and soil can arise when arsenic-rich geothermal fluids come into contact with surface waters. When humans are implicated in causing or exacerbating arsenic pollution, the cause can almost always be traced to mining or mining-related activities. Arsenic exists in many oxidation states, with arsenic (III) and (V) being the most common forms. Similar to many metalloids, the prevalence of particular species of arsenic depends greatly on the pH and redox conditions of the matrix in which it exists. Speciation is also important in determining the toxicity of arsenic. Arsenic minerals exist in the environment principally as sulfides, oxides, and phosphates. In igneous rocks, only those of volcanic origin are implicated in high aqueous arsenic concentrations. Sedimentary rocks tend not to bear high arsenic loads, and common matrices such as sands and sandstones contain lower concentrations owing to the dominance of quartz and feldspars. Groundwater contamination by arsenic arises from sources of arsenopyrite, base metal sulfides, realgar and orpiment, arsenic-rich pyrite, and iron oxyhydroxide. Mechanisms by which arsenic is released from minerals are varied and are accounted for by many (bio)geochemical processes: oxidation of arsenic-bearing sulfides, desorption from oxides and hydroxides, reductive dissolution, evaporative concentration, leaching from sulfides by carbonate, and microbial mobilization. Arsenic enrichment also takes place in geothermally active areas; surface waters are more susceptible than groundwater to contamination in the vicinity of such geothermal systems, and evidence suggests that increased use of geothermal power may elevate risks of arsenic exposure in affected areas. Past and current mining activities continue to provide sources of environmental contamination by arsenic. Because gold- and arsenic-bearing minerals coexist, there is a hazard of mobilizing arsenic during gold mining activities. The Ashanti region of central Ghana currently faces this as a real risk. Historical arsenic contamination exists in Cornwall, UK; an example of a recent arsenic pollution event is that of Ron Phibun town in southern Thailand, where arsenic-related human health effects have been reported. Other important sources of arsenic exposure include coal burning in Slovakia, Turkey, and the Guizhou Province of China; use of arsenic as pesticides in Australia, New Zealand, and the US; and consumption of contaminated foodstuffs (China) and exposure to wood preserving arsenicals (Europe and North America).

318 citations


Cites background from "Leaching of chromated copper arsena..."

  • ...In addition, timber treatment effluent has been identified as an important source of arsenic contamination in aquatic and terrestrial environments (Breslin and Adler-Ivenbrook 1998; Bolan and Thiyagarajan 2001; Hingston et al. 2001; Rice et al. 2002)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the mechanism by which Cu influences biological and chemical processes in the environment, including its toxicity, microbial resistance mechanisms and factors influencing Cu speciation and toxicity.
Abstract: Copper compounds have been widely used in industrial processes and agriculture. As a result, elevated Cu concentrations can be found in certain areas of the biosphere. To better understand the toxicity of Cu to organisms it is necessary to understand the mechanism by which Cu influences biological and chemical processes in the environment. This review will examine Cu toxicity, microbial resistance mechanisms and factors influencing Cu speciation and toxicity in the environment

733 citations


"Leaching of chromated copper arsena..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The toxicity of copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and arsenic (As) to aquatic organisms is well recorded (Bodek et al., 1988a, b; Fleming and Trevors, 1989; Wong and Chang, 1991; Havens, 1994; Nriagu, 1994a, b; Walley et al., 1996a, b), and all are listed as priority pollutants by the United States…...

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  • ...Although Cu is an important micronutrient, it is toxic in the free ionic state above trace levels, though it may be largely partitioned to organic material in the aquatic environment, particularly humic acids (Newell and Sanders, 1986; Fleming and Trevors, 1989; Livens, 1991; Hung et al., 1993)....

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Journal Article

576 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The incidence and intensity of imposex have since increased markedly in the same populations and that the phenomenon is widespread around south-west England is demonstrated.
Abstract: The term ‘imposex’ was coined by Smith (1971) to describe the superimposition of male characters onto unparasitized and parasitized females of gonochoristic gastropods. In Nassarius obsoletus (Say) the development of imposex results in the female having one or more of the following characters: (1) a penis with a duct leading to (2) a vas deferens which passes back to the ventral channel of the capsule gland and (3) convolution of the normally straight gonadial oviduct (Smith, 1980). Imposex in the similarly gonochoristic Nucella lapillus (L.) was first noted by Blaber (1970) who found females with penis-like outgrowths in Plymouth Sound populations. Subsequent studies (Bryan et al. 1986; Gibbs & Bryan, 1986) have demonstrated that the incidence and intensity of imposex have since increased markedly in the same populations and that the phenomenon is widespread around south-west England.

543 citations


"Leaching of chromated copper arsena..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Of these, the adverse environmental e ects of antifouling paint biocides containing organotins have been widely reported (Gibbs et al., 1987, 1988; Clark et al., 1988)....

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Book
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: Microbial decay of wood insect and marine borer attack of wood wood preservation and protection and the role of sunlight in this attack is studied.
Abstract: Microbial decay of wood insect and marine borer attack of wood wood preservation and protection.

472 citations


"Leaching of chromated copper arsena..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Fixation times are known to be greatly reduced when timbers are exposed to increased temperatures both during and following treatment, with ®xation complete within 1 h at temperatures in excess of 85 C (Cooper and Ung, 1992; Eaton and Hale, 1993)....

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  • ...Fixation of wood at 15 C takes around 14 days (Eaton and Hale, 1993)....

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  • ...Environmental pressures are increasingly inhibiting the continued use of naturally durable hardwood timbers in these structures (Eaton and Hale, 1993)....

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  • ...Therefore, with a salt loading of up to 50 kg mÿ3 recommended (BSI, 1989; Eaton and Hale, 1993), the preservative may represent around 10% of the ®nal timber weight....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Both field and laboratory observations have provided conclusive evidence that imposex in N. lapillus is initiated by tributyltin (TBT), used as a biocide in antifouling paints, at concentrations in water of less than 1 ng Sn/1.
Abstract: Imposex, the development of a penis and vas deferens in the female (Smith, 1971) is known to occur in over 30 species of marine gastropods but, to date, in only one species has this syndrome been demonstrated to have a serious deleterious effect. This species is the dog-whelk, Nucella lapillus L. Both field and laboratory observations have provided conclusive evidence that imposex in N. lapillus is initiated by tributyltin (TBT), used as a biocide in antifouling paints, at concentrations in water of less than 1 ng Sn/1. This feature is manifest in the widespread occurrence of imposex even in areas far removed from centres of boating activity (see Bryan et al. 1986). Imposex appears to have little effect on the reproductive biology of N. lapillus until this syndrome is developed to its fullest extent when it sterilises the female because the pallial oviduct becomes occluded by vas deferens tissue thus preventing expulsion of the egg capsules (Gibbs & Bryan, 1986). Laboratory experiments have indicated that this condition, found in females close to harbours and marinas, may prevail after prolonged exposure during the first few years of life to TBT levels as low as 2 ng Sn/1 (Gibbs et al. 1987). Of six organotin compounds tested by Bryan, Gibbs & Burt (1988), tributyltin chloride proved the most effective in promoting imposex in N. lapillus.

334 citations


"Leaching of chromated copper arsena..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Of these, the adverse environmental e ects of antifouling paint biocides containing organotins have been widely reported (Gibbs et al., 1987, 1988; Clark et al., 1988)....

    [...]