Leaching of chromated copper arsenate wood preservatives: a review
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Cites background from "Leaching of chromated copper arsena..."
...In addition, timber treatment effluent has been identified as an important source of arsenic contamination in aquatic and terrestrial environments (Breslin and Adler-Ivenbrook 1998; Bolan and Thiyagarajan 2001; Hingston et al. 2001; Rice et al. 2002)....
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References
733 citations
"Leaching of chromated copper arsena..." refers background in this paper
...The toxicity of copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and arsenic (As) to aquatic organisms is well recorded (Bodek et al., 1988a, b; Fleming and Trevors, 1989; Wong and Chang, 1991; Havens, 1994; Nriagu, 1994a, b; Walley et al., 1996a, b), and all are listed as priority pollutants by the United States…...
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...Although Cu is an important micronutrient, it is toxic in the free ionic state above trace levels, though it may be largely partitioned to organic material in the aquatic environment, particularly humic acids (Newell and Sanders, 1986; Fleming and Trevors, 1989; Livens, 1991; Hung et al., 1993)....
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543 citations
"Leaching of chromated copper arsena..." refers background in this paper
...Of these, the adverse environmental e ects of antifouling paint biocides containing organotins have been widely reported (Gibbs et al., 1987, 1988; Clark et al., 1988)....
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472 citations
"Leaching of chromated copper arsena..." refers background in this paper
...Fixation times are known to be greatly reduced when timbers are exposed to increased temperatures both during and following treatment, with ®xation complete within 1 h at temperatures in excess of 85 C (Cooper and Ung, 1992; Eaton and Hale, 1993)....
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...Fixation of wood at 15 C takes around 14 days (Eaton and Hale, 1993)....
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...Environmental pressures are increasingly inhibiting the continued use of naturally durable hardwood timbers in these structures (Eaton and Hale, 1993)....
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...Therefore, with a salt loading of up to 50 kg mÿ3 recommended (BSI, 1989; Eaton and Hale, 1993), the preservative may represent around 10% of the ®nal timber weight....
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334 citations
"Leaching of chromated copper arsena..." refers background in this paper
...Of these, the adverse environmental e ects of antifouling paint biocides containing organotins have been widely reported (Gibbs et al., 1987, 1988; Clark et al., 1988)....
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