Book•
Leadership : Theory and Practice
04 May 2015-
Abstract: Preface Special Features Audience Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Introduction Leadership Defined Ways of Conceptualizing Leadership Definition and Components Leadership Described Trait Versus Process Leadership Assigned Versus Emergent Leadership Leadership and Power Leadership and Coercion Leadership and Management Plan of the Book Summary Chapter 2. Trait Approach Description Intelligence Self-Confidence Determination Integrity Sociability Five-Factor Personality Model and Leadership Emotional Intelligence How Does the Trait Approach Work? Strengths Criticisms Application Case Studies Case 2.1: Choosing a New Director of Research Case 2.2: A Remarkable Turnaround Case 2.3: Recruiting for the Bank Leadership Instrument Leadership Trait Questionnaire (LTQ) Scoring Interpretation Summary Chapter 3. Skills Approach Description Three-Skill Approach Technical Skill Human Skill Conceptual Skill Summary of the Three-Skill Approach Skills Model Competencies Problem-Solving Skills Social Judgment Skills Knowledge Individual Attributes General Cognitive Ability Crystallized Cognitive Ability Motivation Personality Leadership Outcomes Effective Problem Solving Performance Career Experiences Environmental Influences Summary of the Skills Model How Does the Skills Approach Work? Strengths Criticisms Application Case Studies Case 3.1: A Strained Research Team Case 3.2: A Shift for Lieutenant Colonel Adams Case 3.3: Andy's Recipe Leadership Instrument Skills Inventory Scoring Scoring Interpretation Summary Chapter 4. Style Approach Description The Ohio State Studies The University of Michigan Studies Blake and Mouton's Managerial (Leadership) Grid Authority-Compliance (9,1) Country Club Management (1,9) Impoverished Management (1,1) Middle-of-the-Road Management (5,5) Team Management (9,9) Paternalism/Maternalism Opportunism How Does the Style Approach Work? Strengths Criticisms Application Case Studies Case 4.1: A Drill Sergeant at First Case 4.2: Eating Lunch Standing Up Case 4.3: Enhancing the Department's Culture Leadership Instrument Style Questionnaire Scoring Scoring Interpretation Summary Chapter 5. Situational Approach Description Leadership Styles Development Levels How Does the Situational Approach Work? Strengths Criticisms Application Case Studies Case 5.1: What Style Do I Use? Case 5.2: Why Aren't They Listening? Case 5.3: Getting the Message Across Leadership Instrument Situational Leadership: A Brief Questionnaire Scoring Interpretation Summary 6. Contingency Theory Description Leadership Styles Situational Variables How Does Contingency Theory Work? Strengths Criticisms Application Case Studies Case 6.1: No Control Over the Student Council Case 6.2: Giving Him a Hard Time Case 6.3: What's the Best Leader Match? Leadership Instrument Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) Measure Scoring Interpretation Summary Chapter 7. Path--Goal Theory Description Leader Behaviors Directive Leadership Supportive Leadership Participative Leadership Achievement-Oriented Leadership Subordinate Characteristics Task Characteristics How Does Path--Goal Theory Work? Strengths Criticisms Application Case Studies Case 7.1: Three Shifts, Three Supervisors Case 7.2: Direction for Some, Support for Others Case 7.3: Marathon Runners at Different Levels Leadership Instrument Path--Goal Leadership Questionnaire Scoring Scoring Interpretation Summary Chapter 8. Leader--Member Exchange Theory Description Early Studies Later Studies Leadership Making How Does LMX Theory Work? Strengths Criticisms Application Case Studies Case 8.1: His Team Gets the Best Assignments Case 8.2: Working Hard at Being Fair Case 8.3: Taking On Additional Responsibilities Leadership Instrument LMX 7 Questionnaire Scoring Interpretation Summary Chapter 9. Transformational Leadership Description Transformational Leadership Defined Transformational Leadership and Charisma A Model of Transformational Leadership Transformational Leadership Factors Idealized Influence Inspirational Motivation Intellectual Stimulation Individualized Consideration Transactional Leadership Factors Contingent Reward Management-by-Exception Nonleadership Factor Laissez-Faire Other Transformational Perspectives Bennis and Nanus Kouzes and Posner Model the Way Inspire a Shared Vision Challenge the Process Enable Others to Act Encourage the Heart How Does the Transformational Approach Work? Strengths Criticisms Application Case Studies Case 9.1: The Vision Failed Case 9.2: Students Dig It Case 9.3: Her Vision Was a Model Research Center Case 9.3: Her Vision Was a Model Research Center Leadership Instrument Sample Items From the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) Form 5X-Short Summary Chapter 10. Authentic Leadership Description Authentic Leadership Defined Intapersonal Definition Developmental Definition Interpersonal Definition Approaches to Authentic Leadership Practical Approaches Robert Terry's Authentic Leadership Approach Bill George's Authentic Leadership Approach Theoretical Approach Background to the Theoretical Approach Components of Authentic Leadership Factors that Influence Authentic Leadership How Does Authentic Leadership Work? Strengths Criticisms Application Case Studies Case 10.1: Am I Really a Leader? Case 10.2: Moving Mountains for Education and Peace Case 10.3: The Reluctant First Lady Leadership Instrument Authentic Leadership Self Assessment Questionnaire Summary Chapter 11. Team Leadership - Susan E. Kogler Hill Description Team Leadership Model Leadership Decisions Leadership Decision 1: Should I Monitor the Team or Take Action? Leadership Decision 2: Should I Intervene to Meet Task or Relational Needs? Leadership Decision 3: Should I Intervene Internally or Externally? Leadership Actions Internal Task Leadership Actions Internal Relational Leadership Actions External Environmental Leadership Actions Team Effectiveness Clear, Elevating Goal Results-Driven Structure Competent Team Members Unified Commitment Collaborative Climate Standards of Excellence External Support and Recognition Principled Leadership How Does the Team Leadership Model Work? Strengths Criticisms Application Case Studies Case 11.1: Can This Virtual Team Work? Case 11.2: They Dominated the Conversation Case 11.3: Starts With a Bang, Ends With a Whimper Leadership Instrument Team Excellence and Collaborative Team Leader Questionnaire Scoring Interpretation Summary Chapter 12. Psychodynamic Approach - Ernest L. Stech Description Background Eric Berne and Transactional Analysis Sigmund Freud and Personality Types Carl Jung and Personality Types Functions and Preferences Types and Leadership Sixteen Types and Leadership Dealing With Followers How Does the Psychodynamic Approach Work? Strengths Criticisms Case Studies Case 12.1: Not the Type Who Sees the Big Picture Case 12.2: Staff Meeting Problems Case 12.3: Unexpected Reactions Leadership Instrument Psychodynamic Approach Survey Scoring Scoring Interpretation Summary Chapter 13. Women and Leadership - Crystal L. Hoyt Description Gender and Leadership Styles Gender and Leadership Effectiveness The Glass Ceiling Evidence of the Glass Ceiling Motives for Removing the Barriers Explaining the Glass Ceiling Human Capital Differences Gender Differences Prejudice Breaking the Glass Ceiling Strengths Criticisms Application Case Studies Case 13.1: The Glass Ceiling Case 13.2: Lack of Inclusion and Credibility Case 13.3: Pregnancy as a Barrier to Job Status Leadership Instrument The Gender--Leader Implicit Association Test Scoring Summary Chapter 14. Culture and Leadership Description Culture Defined Related Concepts Ethnocentrism Prejudice Dimensions of Culture Uncertainty Avoidance Power Distance Institutional Collectivism In-Group Collectivism Gender Egalitarianism Assertiveness Future Orientation Performance Orientation Humane Orientation Clusters of World Cultures Characteristics of Clusters Anglo Confucian Asia Eastern Europe Germanic Europe Latin America Latin Europe Middle East Nordic Europe Southern Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Leadership Behavior and Culture Clusters Eastern Europe Leadership Profile Latin America Leadership Profile Latin Europe Leadership Profile Confucian Asia Leadership Profile Nordic Europe Leadership Profile Anglo Leadership Profile Sub-Saharan Africa Leadership Profile Southern Asia Leadership Profile Germanic Europe Leadership Profile Middle East Leadership Profile Universally Desirable and Undesirable Leadership Attributes Strengths Criticisms Application Case Studies Case 14.1: A Challenging Workplace Case 14.2: A Special Kind of Financing Case 14.3: Whose Hispanic Center Is It? Leadership Instrument Dimensions of Culture Questionnaire Scoring Scoring Interpretation Summary Chapter 15. Leadership Ethics Description Ethics Defined Ethical Theories Centrality of Ethics to Leadership Heifetz's Perspective on Ethical Leadership Burns's Perspective on Ethical Leadership Greenleaf's Perspective on Ethical Leadership Principles of Ethical Leadership Ethical Leaders Respect Others Ethical Leaders Serve Others Ethical Leaders Are Just Ethical Leaders Are Honest Ethical Leaders Build Community Strengths Criticisms Application Case Studies Case 15.1: A Struggling Company With Not Enough Cash Case 15.2: How Safe Is Safe? Case 15.3: Reexamining a Proposal Leadership Instrument Perceived Leader Integrity Scale (PLIS) Scoring Scoring Interpretation Summary Name Index Subject Index About the Author About the Contributors
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TL;DR: Extraversion was the most consistent correlate of leadership across study settings and leadership criteria (leader emergence and leadership effectiveness) and the five-factor model had a multiple correlation of .48 with leadership, indicating strong support for the leader trait perspective when traits are organized according to theFivefactor model.
Abstract: This article provides a qualitative review of the trait perspective in leadership research, followed by a meta-analysis. The authors used the five-factor model as an organizing framework and meta-analyzed 222 correlations from 73 samples. Overall, the correlations with leadership were Neuroticism .24, Extraversion .31, Openness to Experience .24, Agreeableness .08, and Conscientiousness .28. Results indicated that the relations of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, and Conscientiousness with leadership generalized in that more than 90% of the individual correlations were greater than 0. Extraversion was the most consistent correlate of leadership across study settings and leadership criteria (leader emergence and leadership effectiveness). Overall, the five-factor model had a multiple correlation of .48 with leadership, indicating strong support for the leader trait perspective when traits are organized according to the five-factor model.
2,740 citations
TL;DR: A causal theory of spiritual leadership is developed within an intrinsic motivation model that incorporates vision, hope/faith, and altruistic love, theories of workplace spirituality, and spiritual survival as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A causal theory of spiritual leadership is developed within an intrinsic motivation model that incorporates vision, hope/faith, and altruistic love, theories of workplace spirituality, and spiritual survival. The purpose of spiritual leadership is to create vision and value congruence across the strategic, empowered team, and individual levels and, ultimately, to foster higher levels of organizational commitment and productivity. I first examine leadership as motivation to change and review motivation-based leadership theories. Second, I note the accelerating call for spirituality in the workplace, describe the universal human need for spiritual survival through calling and membership, and distinguish between religion and spirituality. Next, I introduce a generic definition of God as a higher power with a continuum upon which humanistic, theistic, and pantheistic definitions of God can be placed. I also review religiousand ethics-and-values-based leadership theories and conclude that, to motivate followers, leaders must get in touch with their core values and communicate them to followers through vision and personal actions to create a sense of spiritual survival through calling and membership. I then argue that spiritual leadership theory is not only inclusive of other major extant motivationbased theories of leadership, but that it is also more conceptually distinct, parsimonious, and less conceptually confounded. And, by incorporating calling and membership as two key follower needs for spiritual survival, spiritual leadership theory is inclusive of the religious- and ethics and valuesbased approaches to leadership. Finally, the process of organizational development and transformation through spiritual leadership is discussed. Suggestions for future research are offered.
1,977 citations
TL;DR: The concept and practice of teacher leadership have gained momentum in the past two decades as mentioned in this paper, and teachers are assuming more leadership functions at both instructional and organizational levels of practice, but less is known about how teacher leadership develops and about its effects.
Abstract: The concept and practice of teacher leadership have gained momentum in the past two decades. Teachers are assuming more leadership functions at both instructional and organizational levels of practice. Empirical literature reveals numerous small-scale, qualitative studies that describe dimensions of teacher leadership practice, teacher leader characteristics, and conditions that promote and challenge teacher leadership. Less is known about how teacher leadership develops and about its effects. In addition, the construct of teacher leadership is not well defined, conceptually or operationally. Future research focused on the differentiated paths by which teachers influence organizational capacity, professionalism, instructional improvement, and student learning has the potential to advance the practice of teacher leadership. A conceptual framework is offered to guide such inquiry.
1,424 citations
TL;DR: Although results provided some support for the dispositional basis of transformational leadership--especially with respect to the charisma dimension--generally, weak associations suggested the importance of future research to focus on both narrower personality traits and nondispositional determinants oftransformational and transactional leadership.
Abstract: This study was a meta-analysis of the relationship between personality and ratings of transformational and transactional leadership behaviors. Using the 5-factor model of personality as an organizing framework, the authors accumulated 384 correlations from 26 independent studies. Personality traits were related to 3 dimensions of transformational leadership—idealized influence–inspirational motivation (charisma), intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration—and 3 dimensions of transactional leadership— contingent reward, management by exception–active, and passive leadership. Extraversion was the strongest and most consistent correlate of transformational leadership. Although results provided some support for the dispositional basis of transformational leadership— especially with respect to the charisma dimension— generally, weak associations suggested the importance of future research to focus on both narrower personality traits and nondispositional determinants of transformational and transactional leadership. A recent PsycINFO search revealed that 1,738 of the 15,000 articles (12%) published since 1990 on the topic of leadership included the keywords personality and leadership. Clearly, scholars have a strong and continuing interest in the dispositional bases of leadership behavior. Indeed, a meta-analysis by Lord, DeVader, and Alliger (1986) reported some associations between personality traits and perceptions of leadership. A more recent meta-analysis (Judge, Bono, Ilies, & Gerhardt, 2002) further advanced this literature, providing evidence that some traits were consistently associated with leadership emergence and effectiveness. Although these meta-analyses made an important contribution to our knowledge of the link between personality and leadership, they do not address the relationship between personality and transformational, transactional, and charismatic leadership. Given the volume of recent research attention focused on these types of leadership, it is important to understand the dispositional bases of transformational and transactional leadership. The purpose of this article was to extend what is known about the association between personality and leadership by focusing directly on the relationship between personality and the eight dimensions of transformational and transactional leadership. These leadership dimensions have been found to be valid predictors of follower job performance and satisfaction (see Fuller, Patterson, Hester, & Stringer, 1996; Lowe, Kroeck, & Sivasubramaniam, 1996). Thus, understanding the personality traits associated with transformational and charismatic leadership has important implications for the selection, training, and development of such leaders. For example, if charisma is linked to stable traits of the individual, organizations may wish to select leaders with these traits. Barling, Weber, and Kelloway (1996) demonstrated that some transformational leadership behaviors can be trained. Thus, an understanding of the role of personality can aid in determining which individuals might gain the most from such training and how training approaches might differ on the basis of trainee personality (i.e., aptitude by treatment interaction).
1,372 citations
TL;DR: This study provided a meta-analysis of the relationship of the Ohio State leadership behaviors--Consideration and Initiating Structure--with leadership, and results provide important support for the validity of Initiating structure and Consideration in leadership research.
Abstract: This study provided a meta-analysis of the relationship of the Ohio State leadership behaviors— Consideration and Initiating Structure—with leadership. Overall, 163 independent correlations for Consideration and 159 correlations for Initiating Structure were analyzed. Results revealed that both Consideration (.48) and Initiating Structure (.29) have moderately strong, nonzero relations with leadership outcomes. Consideration was more strongly related to follower satisfaction (leader satisfaction, job satisfaction), motivation, and leader effectiveness, and Initiating Structure was slightly more strongly related to leader job performance and group– organization performance. Validities did vary by leadership measure, but in most cases validities generalized regardless of the measure used. Overall, the results provide important support for the validity of Initiating Structure and Consideration in leadership research.
1,123 citations
Cites background from "Leadership : Theory and Practice"
...Northouse (1997) remarked that the “preponderance of the research in this area was inconclusive” (p. 38)....
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...As noted by Northouse (1997), past research “has not adequately shown how leaders’ styles are associated with performance outcomes” (p. 45)....
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...Researchers have not been able to establish a consistent link between task and relationship behaviors and outcomes such as morale, job satisfaction, and productivity (Northouse, 1997, p. 45)....
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