Learning of food preferences: mechanisms and implications for obesity & metabolic diseases
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In this paper, the authors focus on postoral nutrient sensing and signaling as an essential part of the reward system that shapes preferences for the associated flavors of foods and explain methods for conditioning flavor preferences and their use in evaluating gut-brain communication.Abstract:
Omnivores, including rodents and humans, compose their diets from a wide variety of potential foods. Beyond the guidance of a few basic orosensory biases such as attraction to sweet and avoidance of bitter, they have limited innate dietary knowledge and must learn to prefer foods based on their flavors and postoral effects. This review focuses on postoral nutrient sensing and signaling as an essential part of the reward system that shapes preferences for the associated flavors of foods. We discuss the extensive array of sensors in the gastrointestinal system and the vagal pathways conveying information about ingested nutrients to the brain. Earlier studies of vagal contributions were limited by nonselective methods that could not easily distinguish the contributions of subsets of vagal afferents. Recent advances in technique have generated substantial new details on sugar- and fat-responsive signaling pathways. We explain methods for conditioning flavor preferences and their use in evaluating gut–brain communication. The SGLT1 intestinal sugar sensor is important in sugar conditioning; the critical sensors for fat are less certain, though GPR40 and 120 fatty acid sensors have been implicated. Ongoing work points to particular vagal pathways to brain reward areas. An implication for obesity treatment is that bariatric surgery may alter vagal function.read more
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The energy balance model of obesity: beyond calories in, calories out.
Kevin D. Hall,I. Sadaf Farooqi,Jeffery M Friedman,Samuel Klein,Ruth J. F. Loos,David J. Mangelsdorf,Stephen O'Rahilly,Eric Ravussin,Leanne M. Redman,Donna H. Ryan,John R. Speakman,Deirdre K Tobias +11 more
TL;DR: A more accurate description of the EBM where the brain is the primary organ responsible for body weight regulation operating primarily below the authors' conscious awareness via complex endocrine, metabolic, and nervous system signals to control food intake in response to environmental influences as well as the body's energy needs is presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
OUP accepted manuscript
TL;DR: A recent Perspective article described the "carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM)" of obesity, asserting that it "better reflects knowledge on the biology of weight control" as compared with what was described as the "dominant energy balance model (EBM)" which fails to consider "biological mechanisms that promote weight gain" as discussed by the authors .
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Gut–brain circuits for fat preference
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“Liking” as an early and editable draft of long-run affective value
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Validation of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire in a Romanian Adult Population.
Lidia Iuliana Arhire,Otilia Niță,Alina Delia Popa,Ana-Maria Gal,Oana Dumitrașcu,Andreea Gherasim,Laura Mihalache,Mariana Graur +7 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors validated the Romanian version of DEBQ and found that all scales positively correlated with body mass index in both men and women, and that eating behavior can be useful both at the individual level (individualize treatment for obesity) and the population level (to implement more suitable food policies).
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Whincup,Kurt Widhalm,Indah Suci Widyahening,Andrzej Wiecek,Alet H. Wijga,Rainford J. Wilks,Johann Willeit,Peter Willeit,Tom Wilsgaard,Bogdan Wojtyniak,Roy A Wong-McClure,Justin Yy Wong,Jyh Eiin Wong,Tien Yin Wong,Jean Woo,Mark Woodward,Frederick C. W. Wu,Jianfeng Wu,Shou Ling Wu,Haiquan Xu,Liang Xu,Uruwan Yamborisut,Weili Yan,Xiaoguang Yang,Nazan Yardim,Xingwang Ye,Panayiotis K. Yiallouros,Agneta Yngve,Akihiro Yoshihara,Qi Sheng You,Novie O. Younger-Coleman,Faudzi Yusoff,Muhammad Fadhli M Yusoff,Luciana Zaccagni,Vassilis Zafiropulos,Ahmad Ali Zainuddin,Sabina Zambon,Antonis Zampelas,Hana Zamrazilová,Tomasz Zdrojewski,Yi Zeng,Dong Zhao,Wenhua Zhao,Wei Zheng,Yingfeng Zheng,Bekbolat Zholdin,Maigeng Zhou,Dan Zhu,Baurzhan Zhussupov,Esther Zimmermann,Julio Zuñiga Cisneros,James Bentham,James Bentham,Mariachiara Di Cesare,Ver Bilano,Honor Bixby,Bin Zhou,Gretchen A Stevens,Leanne M. Riley,Cristina Taddei,Kaveh Hajifathalian,Yuan Lu,Stefan Savin,Melanie J. Cowan,Christopher J. Paciorek,Andre Pascal Kengne,Aubrianna Zhu,Majid Ezzati +1024 more
TL;DR: Trends in mean BMI have recently flattened in northwestern Europe and the high-income English-speaking and Asia-Pacific regions for both sexes, southwestern Europe for boys, and central and Andean Latin America for girls, and by contrast, the rise in BMI has accelerated in east and south Asia forboth sexes, and southeast Asia for boys.
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Functional and chemical anatomy of the afferent vagal system.
TL;DR: The results of neural tracing studies suggest that vagal afferent fibers in cervical and thoracic branches innervate the esophagus, lower airways, heart, aorta, and possibly the thymus, and via abdominal branches the entire gastrointestinal tract, liver, portal vein, billiary system, pancreas, but not the spleen.
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Resolved: there is sufficient scientific evidence that decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption will reduce the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related diseases
TL;DR: The evidence that decreasing SSBs will decrease the risk of obesity and related diseases such as T2D is compelling and prevention of long‐term weight gain through dietary changes such as limiting consumption of SSBs is more important than short-term weight loss in reducing the prevalence of obesity in the population.
Journal ArticleDOI
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
Timo D. Müller,Brian Finan,Stephen R. Bloom,David A. D'Alessio,Daniel J. Drucker,Peter R. Flatt,Andreas Fritsche,Fiona M. Gribble,Harvey J. Grill,Joel F. Habener,Jens J. Holst,Wolfgang Langhans,Juris J. Meier,Michael A. Nauck,Diego Perez-Tilve,Alessandro Pocai,Frank Reimann,Darleen A. Sandoval,Thue W. Schwartz,Randy J. Seeley,Kerstin Stemmer,Mads Tang-Christensen,Stephen C. Woods,Richard D. DiMarchi,M.H. Tschöp +24 more
TL;DR: The numerous beneficial effects of GLP-1 render this hormone an interesting candidate for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.