Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence
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Cites background from "Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global ..."
...Mucocutaneous and visceral disease can be lethal if untreated, but most deaths are attributable to visceral leishmaniasis (103)....
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Cites background from "Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global ..."
...Among the few published empirical Clinical Epidemiology 2014:6 submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com Dovepress Dovepress 153 visceral leishmaniasis assessments of under-reporting in surveillance data, two from Bihar, India, compared VL case numbers estimated by house-to-house surveys with official data, which were 4.2- fold and 8.1-fold lower.6 The incidence of VL associated with the transmission of L. infantum by sand flies has been declining in many foci where living standards have improved, with better nutrition believed to mitigate the progression of debilitating or fatal infantile visceral leishmaniasis.6 Also, there has been a decline or stabilization in the incidence of VL resulting from the transmission of L. infantum by needles or blood transfusion through better awareness and drugs to combat coinfecting HIV.6 International collaboration for sustainable integrated control of VL The paradigm for controlling vector-borne diseases should be prevention at source using an integrated set of intervention measures,34 not detection and response....
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...budgets, with fewer uncomplicated cases being resolved in East Africa and India than in southern Europe and Brazil.(1,6) Malnutrition is one of the important risk factors for VL, and a fall in disease incidence in southern Europe during the last 50 years coincided with better nutrition....
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...infantum by sand flies has been declining in many foci where living standards have improved, with better nutrition believed to mitigate the progression of debilitating or fatal infantile visceral leishmaniasis.(6) Also, there has been a decline or stabilization in the incidence of VL resulting from the transmission of L....
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...Surveillance, transmission modeling, risk factors, and predictive modeling Routine surveillance is usually too insensitive to assess accurately any changes in the prevalence or incidence of VL,(15,27) with most case detection being passive.(6) Also, it is not usually possible to estimate the human inoculation rate of parasites by the sand fly vectors(2) because most sand fly surveys use light and sticky traps that do not target host-seeking female flies, and the reports often mention only the relative abundances of species without distinguishing males from females....
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...donovani is found only in the Old World, where it is notoriously associated with VL (kala-azar or black death) of the rural poor in the northeast of the Indian subcontinent and with VL of displaced persons in East Africa.(1,6) Most transmission is believed to be anthroponotic, from human to human, and this contrasts with the zoonotic transmission of L....
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Cites background from "Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global ..."
...Over the last decade, our laboratory has been exploring the role of P2X7 receptor in Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by a parasite of the genus Leishmania (Alvar et al., 2012)....
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...P2X7 receptor expression is upregulated in Leishmania amazonensis-infected macrophages and its activation reduces parasitic load in these cells (Chaves et al., 2009)....
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...P2X7 Receptor in Protozoa Infections Over the last decade, our laboratory has been exploring the role of P2X7 receptor in Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by a parasite of the genus Leishmania (Alvar et al., 2012)....
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References
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"Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global ..." refers background in this paper
...Reported leishmaniasis case figures are widely acknowledged to represent gross underestimates of the true burden, but studies that measure the degree of underreporting are rare [23]....
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836 citations
"Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global ..." refers background in this paper
...The accuracy of this measure depends on the reliability of the incidence, duration, severity and mortality data for a given condition, as well as the underlying assumptions used in the calculations [7,14]....
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