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Journal ArticleDOI

Les jeux et les hommes

01 Jan 1960-Vol. 34, Iss: 4, pp 374
About: The article was published on 1960-01-01. It has received 382 citations till now.
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A critical view of the concept of rules in game studies is presented on the basis of a case study of role-playing across media and reveals some important perspectives on the sort of rules that can be simulated in a programmed system.
Abstract: This article presents a critical view of the concept of rules in game studies on the basis of a case study of role-playing across media. Role-playing in its traditional form is a complex activity i...

15 citations


Cites background from "Les jeux et les hommes"

  • ...Theorists such as Huizinga (1955) and Caillois (1958) have been proclaimed to be the true fathers of the field and quite often analog and digital games are treated as two sides of the same coin....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A model of games in which three layers of structures are governed by three types of rules is developed, which arranges game elements in a meta-structure which is based on both ludic and narrative logic.
Abstract: Ever since scholars in the humanities have studied computer games, the relationship between play and narrative has been a much contested issue. Much dissent stems from incompatible basic assumptions about play and narrative, which, this paper argues, can be reconciled by a formalist approach to games and narrative on a structural level. First, event structures and story structures are shown to be central to various theories of narrative. Correlating these findings with Espen Aarseth’s reflections upon nonlinearity, an understanding of narrative revolving around event logic is developed. Building on the theory of games developed by Roger Caillois, the paper then develops a model of games in which three layers of structures are governed by three types of rules. The most abstract of these layers arranges game elements in a meta-structure which is based on both ludic and narrative logic. In a final step, nonlinear game structures are explained within this model and categorized in a typology that orders them by the type of agency players can execute.

15 citations


Cites background or methods from "Les jeux et les hommes"

  • ...They denote games based upon competition, luck, make-belief, and intoxication or willful loss of control (Caillois 1958, p. 27), a much larger range of activities than covered in other theories of games, which tend to identify all games at least partially with what Caillois calls agôn, i.e. games…...

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  • ...This ‘espace pur’ (Caillois 1958, p. 19) is constituted by a common belief, rituals, and voluntary obeisance and could therefore be called a holy environment.3 According to Caillois, the game environment comes into existence when players agree on rules....

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  • ...…of describing the perceived properties of games – e.g. the number of players and the required equipment – Caillois categorizes the motivations of playful behavior and identifies two radically different ways of playing, the unstructured paidia and the structured ludus (Caillois 1958, pp. 52–53)....

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  • ...Apart from their voluntary nature (Caillois 1958, p. 17–18), the defining characteristic of all games is their detachment from the real world....

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  • ...This is congruent with one of Caillois’ definitions of games: their outcome is neither predetermined nor completely predictable, because it results from player action (Caillois 1958, p. 20)....

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Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: In this article, sport is defined as "a form wettbewerblicher Aktivitat in Interaktion with anderen Personen" and is a form of "interaktion in interaktion mit anderen personen".
Abstract: Sport ist eine Form wettbewerblicher Aktivitat in Interaktion mit anderen Personen. Diese Aktivitat basiert primar auf korperlicher Geschicklichkeit und ist intrinsisch und extrinsisch belohnend. Das Ausmas auserer Belohnung (materiell und/oder sozial) bestimmt, wo auf einem Kontinuum zwischen Spiel (play) und Arbeit die je einzelne Sportaktivitat lokalisiert ist.

15 citations