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Journal ArticleDOI

Levulinic acid production from wheat straw.

01 May 2007-Bioresource Technology (Elsevier)-Vol. 98, Iss: 7, pp 1448-1453
TL;DR: The coefficient determination (R(2)) was good for the second-order model and the optimal conditions for levulinic acid production from wheat straw were 209.3 degrees C, 3.5% acid concentration, 15.6 liquid:solid ratio and 37.6 min of reaction time resulted 19.86% yield.
About: This article is published in Bioresource Technology.The article was published on 2007-05-01. It has received 247 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Levulinic acid & Straw.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An updated evaluation of potential target structures using similar selection methodology, and an overview of the technology developments that led to the inclusion of a given compound are presented.

3,536 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The first generation of biofuels is presently produced from Sugars, starches, and vegetable oil, but a morepromising feedstock is lignocellulosic material, which is more abundant, has a lower cost, and is potentially more sustain-able.
Abstract: The first generation of biofuels is presently produced fromsugars, starches, and vegetable oil. Although instrumental indeveloping the market, these biofuels are not likely to deliverthe large volumes needed for the transport sector becausethey directly compete with food for their feedstock. A morepromising feedstock is lignocellulosic material, which is moreabundant, has a lower cost, and is potentially more sustain-able.

719 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the chemistry of levulinic acid synthesis from lignocellulosics can be found in this paper, where the authors discuss current and potential technologies for producing ligninic acid from biomass.
Abstract: Biomass represents an abundant and relatively low cost carbon resource that can be utilized to produce platform chemicals such as levulinic acid. Current processing technology limits the cost-effective production of levulinic acid in commercial quantities from biomass. The key to improving the yield and efficiency of levulinic acid production from biomass lies in the ability to optimize and isolate the intermediate products at each step of the reaction pathway and reduce re-polymerization and side reactions. New technologies (including the use of microwave irradiation and ionic liquids) and the development of highly selective catalysts would provide the necessary step change for the optimization of key reactions. A processing environment that allows the use of biphasic systems and/or continuous extraction of products would increase reaction rates, yields and product quality. This review outlines the chemistry of levulinic acid synthesis and discusses current and potential technologies for producing levulinic acid from lignocellulosics. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

566 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article focuses on the catalytic upgrading of levulinic Acid into various chemicals such as levulinate esters, δ-aminolevulinic acid, succinic acid, diphenolic acid, γ-valerolactone, and γ -valerlactone derivatives such as valeric esters and 5-nonanone.
Abstract: Levulinic acid is a sustainable platform molecule that can be upgraded to valuable chemicals and fuel additives. This article focuses on the catalytic upgrading of levulinic acid into various chemicals such as levulinate esters, δ-aminolevulinic acid, succinic acid, diphenolic acid, γ-valerolactone, and γ-valerolactone derivatives such valeric esters, 5-nonanone, α-methylene-γ valerolactone, and other various molecular-weight alkanes (C9 and C18-C27 olefins).

493 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the various reaction systems that have been developed to produce HMF and LA from various substrates has been looked at and their merits, demerits and requirements for commercialisation outlined in this article.
Abstract: Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and levulinic acid (LA) are two of the most promising chemicals derived from biomass owing to their convertibility into a large number of chemicals having applications in diverse industries. Their transition from niche products to mass-produced chemicals, however, requires their production from sustainable biomass feedstocks at low costs using environment-friendly techniques. In this review, the numerous reaction systems that have been developed to produce HMF and LA from various substrates have been looked at and their merits, demerits and requirements for commercialisation outlined. Special attention has been paid to microwave irradiation-heated systems due to their dual advantages of high product yields and low environmental footprint.

417 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Levulinic acid (LA) can be converted to methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF), a solvent and fuel extender, using a single stage catalytic hydrogenation process as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Levulinic acid (LA) can be produced cost effectively and in high yield from renewable feedstocks in a new industrial process. The technology is being demonstrated on a 1 ton/day scale at a facility in South Glens Falls, New York. Low cost LA can be used as a platform chemical for the production of a wide range of value-added products. This research has demonstrated that LA can be converted to methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF), a solvent and fuel extender. MTHF is produced in >80% molar yield via a single stage catalytic hydrogenation process. A new preparation of δ-aminolevulinic acid (DALA), a broad spectrum herbicide, from LA has also been developed. Each step in this new process proceeds in high (>80%) yield and affords DALA (as the hydrochloride salt) in >90% purity, giving a process that could be commercially viable. LA is also being investigated as a starting material for the production of diphenolic acid (DPA), a direct replacement for bisphenol A.

768 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Medium containing olive oil appears to a better medium for fermentative production of C. cylindracea lipase than yeast extract, malt extract, peptone and tween 80, based on experimental conditions.

484 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Based on the intermediates revealed by 13C-NMR spectroscopy, the mechanism of levulinic acid formation in acid catalysed hydrolysis of 2-hydroxymethylfurane (1) and 5-hexyl carbaldehyde (2-carbaldehyde) is proposed in this paper.

292 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study proposed a method of making levulinic acid using abundant and low cost whole kernel sorghum grain as the raw material and a linear regression model was capable of predicting the levulini acid yield with respect to effects of reaction temperature, mineral acid concentration and flour loading.

162 citations