ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Life cycle of a plant parasitic mite, Tetranychus sayedi Baker &
Pitchard (Acari: Tetranychidae) on two hosts from West Bengal,
India
Sagata Mondal
1
•
Salil Kumar Gupta
1
Received: 26 October 2016 / Accepted: 20 March 2017 / Published online: 29 March 2017
Ó Indian Society for Parasitology 2017
Abstract The present paper reports duration of different
developmental stages as well as fecundity, longevity,
oviposition periods, sex ratio, etc. of Tetranychus sayedi
Baker & Pitchard on two medicinal plants, viz. Cryptolepis
buchanani Roem & Schult and Justicia adhatoda L. under
laboratory condition at 27.5 °C and 65% R.H. during
February–March, 2016. The two hosts in which the life
cycle was studied form two new records of hosts for this
mite. It appears that C. buchana ni is better host among the
two hosts as because the life cycle (egg to adult) was
completed in shorter time, recording high fecundity and
longer longevity.
Keywords Mite Tetranychus sayedi Two medicinal
plant hosts Life cycle India
Introduction
Recently medicinal plants are receiving global importance
for their manifold uses like preparation of herbal drugs, as
food supplements, dyeing and colouring agents, as well as
biopesticides. The two plants on which the study was
conducted are very important as because Justicia adhatoda
L. is largely used in cough and cold, bronchial asthma,
pyorrhoea, as well as from relieving breathlessness (Singh
and Huidrom 2013). The other plant Cryptolepis buchanani
Roem & Schult is also of medicinal importance as it is used
in treating inflammation, arthritis, muscle and joint pain,
blood purifier, anti-cough, antibacterial, demulcent, dia-
phoretic, diuretic properties and in treatment of rickets in
children (Laupattarakasem et al. 2006; Sharma et al. 2012).
These two plants were found highly infested by T. sayedi.
This mite caused severe chlorosis of leaves in case of J.
adhatoda which made the leaf whitish all along its lamina.
However, on C. buchanani, though the population was
reasonably high but the symptom of damage was not
noticeable.
Materials and methods
The adult mites were collected from the field and were
released on excised leaves kept on wet cotton pad in a Petri
dish (10 cm diameter) for allowing those to lay eggs. On
the following day, the eggs were encircled with ink and the
females were removed. As such the experiment for the life
cycle study was started with 30 eggs. The observation was
recorded from the egg stage onwards by examining each of
the excised leaves with eggs under stereo- binocular
microscope for further development in life cycle. When the
eggs hatched and the larvae emerged, those were trans-
ferred on individual excided leaves in a Petri dish (5 cm in
diameter), each having one freshly emerged larva. Obser-
vations were recorded after every 24 h. for further devel-
opment and necessary records were made regarding
duration of different stages like incubation, larval, proto-
nymphal, deutonymphal, egg to adult period, fecundity
both of fertilized and unfertilized female, preoviposition,
oviposition, post-oviposition, longevity, sex ratio, etc. from
each of the excised leaf. If mortality was observed on any
excised leaf, that data was discarded and not considered for
computation. In order to determine pre-oviposition and
oviposition periods a separate experiment was designed. In
& Sagata Mondal
sagata.mondal@rediffmail.com
1
Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar College, Salt Lake
Campus, C L Block, Kolkata 700 091, India
123
J Parasit Dis (July-Sept 2017) 41(3):862–868
DOI 10.1007/s12639-017-0907-5
that case 10 Petri dishes each of 4 cm in diameter were
taken and excised leaf of each of the plant was placed on
wet cotton pad and on each of those a newly emerged
female deutonymph along with an adult male was placed
together allowing them to mate after the female attained
adulthood. Observations were recorded after every 24 h.
under a stereo-binocular microscope. While taking the
observations, the number of newly laid eggs were counted
in each Petri dishes and thereafter, the eggs were destroyed
by pricking those with a needle. The observations were
continued until the cessation of egg laying. The time taken
between laying of 1st egg and the last egg was considered
as ovoposition period. While the period between attaining
adulthood and started laying egg were considered as pre
oviposition period and finally the period from cessation of
egg laying till the death of the adult female was considered
as post oviposition period. The longevity of the adult
female was determined by a separate experiment for which
female deutonymph was kept and its life cycle continued
until its death and in case of male it was done in a similar
way but in this case the protonymphal stages was taken and
its life cycle as continued till its death as because males
omit the deutonymphal stage. The statistical analysis as
required was done. All the Petri dishes having excised
leaves were kept in a BOD incubator where a constant
temperature of 27.5 °C with 65% R.H. was maintained
during February–March, 2016.
Results and discussion
The duration of different developmental periods along with
preoviposition, oviposition, postoviposition period, fecun-
dity etc. have been presented in Table 1 and those have
been discussed as below:
Incubation period
Among the two hosts, the incubation period was shorter in
case of J. adhatoda where it took 2.7 ± 0.16 days as
compared to C. buchanani, where the time taken was
3.4 ± 0.17 days (Table 1).
Extensive studies had been conducted on the life cycle
parameters of different Tetranychid mites and some such
are as follows: 5.3–5.8 days in case of Panonychus citri
on papaya (Maity and Chakrabarti 1978); 2.0–3.0 in case
of Eotetranychus uncatus on Bohemia variegata at
26.60 °C(LalandMukharji1979). In case of Tetranychus
ludeni on beans, the period was 6.23 days (Puttaswamy
and Channabasavanna 1980). Mallikarajunappa and
Nageshchandra (1989) observed the incubation period of
Eotetranychus hicoriae as 6.09 ± 0.57 days on guava
leaves. The period was 2.50–3.50 days in T. neocaledony-
chus under green house conditionas was observed by Man-
junatha and Puttuswamy (1989). In Oligonychus tylus on
sorghum, this period was 4.55 ± 0.49 days as observed by
Sirsikar and Nagabhushanam (1989). In O. indicus on sor-
ghum this period was 4.73 days (Rai et al. 1989). This
period was recorded as 5.90 ± 0.12 days in O. oryzae on
paddy by Nayak et al. (2007); 7.03 ± 0.20 days in case of
O. coffeae on rose leaves by Haque et al. (2007); 4.80 days
in case of T. chinnabarinus on Dianthus caryophyllus by
Tello et al. (2009); 2.71 ± 0.07 days in case of T.
chinnabarinus on lablab bean by Kaimal and Ramani
(2011); 2.5 ±
0.17 days on Clitoria ternatea and
2.00 ± 0.45 days on J. adhatoda in case of T. macfarlanei
by Biswas et al. (2013) and 2.47 ± 0.34 days in case of O.
coffeae on tea leaves by Podder et al. (2014).
Therefore, the duration of protonymphal period observed
in the present study was much shorter as compared to dura-
tion reported by Maity and Chakrabarti (1978), Puttaswamy
and Channabasavanna (1980), Sirsikar and Nagabhushanam
(1989), Rai et al. (1989), Nayak et al. (2007) and Tello et al.
(2009); but close to those of Lal and Mukharji (1979),
Manjunatha and Puttuswamy (1989), Kaimal and Ramani
(2011), Biswas et al. (2013) and Podder et al. (2014).
Larval period
This duration was much shorter (2.2 ± 0.14 days) in case
of C. buchanani as compared to (2.8 ± 0.40 days) in case
of J. adhatoda. The larvae was light redish in colour and
was very slow in their movement. It is a non feeding stage
(Table 1).
So far as larval period is concerned, Maity and Chakra-
barti (1978) observed 2.2–2.3 days in case of P. citri and as
per Lal and Mukharji (1979) this period was 1.95–2.70 days
in case of E. uncatus at 26.60 °C. In case of other Tetrany-
chid mites, the available data are: 2.25 days, in case of
T. ludeni; 1.37 ± 0.37 days in E. hicoriae; 1.00–1.89 days
in T. neocalidonychus; 1.65 ± 0.33 days in O. tylus;
2.23 ± 0.36 days in O. oryzae
; 2.11 days in O. indicus;
2.96 days in T. chinnabarinus; 2.13 ± 0.06 days in O. cof-
feae; 1.00 ± 0.00 days in T. chinnabarinus on lablab bean;
1.5 ± 0.17 days in C. ternatea and 2.5 ± 0.37 days on J.
adhatoda in T. macfarlanei and 5.4 ± 0.34 days in O. cof-
feae (Puttaswamy and Channabasavanna 1980; Mallikara-
junappa and Nageshchandra 1989; Manjunatha and
Puttuswamy 1989; Sirsikar and Nagabhushanam 1989;
Nayak et al. 2007; Rai et al.1989; Tello et al. 2009; Haque
et al. 2007; Kaimal and Ramani 2011; Biswas et al. 2013;
Podder et al. 2014, respectively).
Therefore, the duration of larval stage found in the
present study was higher as compared to duration observed
J Parasit Dis (July-Sept 2017) 41(3):862–868 863
123
by Mallikarajunappa and Nageshchandra (1989), Manju-
natha and Puttuswamy (1989), Sirsikar and Nagab-
hushanam (1989) and Kaimal and Ramani (2011) but close
to those of Maity and Chakrabarti (1978), Lal and Mukharji
(1979); Puttaswamy and Channabasavanna (1980), Rai
et al. (1989), Haque et al. (2007), Nayak et al. (2007), Tello
et al. (2009) and Biswas et al. (2013).
Protonymphal period
The duration of protonymph of period was more in case of
J. adhatoda, where it was 2.5 ± 0.15 days as compared to
the other host, C. buchanani, where it was
1.3 ± 0.16 days. The protonymph was reddish in colour
and found actively moving and feeding. The male proto-
nymph directly transformed to adult without passing
through deutonymphal stage (Table 1).
According to available data on different Tetranychid
mites, this period took: 3.17–3.3 days in P. citri on papaya
(Maity and Chakrabarti 1978); 1.25–2.45 days in E. uncatus
(Lal and Mukharji 1979); 1.73 days in T. ludeni (Put-
taswamy and Channabasavanna 1980); 1.650 ± 1.48 days
in E. hicoriae (Mallikarajunappa and Nageshchandra 1989);
1.00–2.30 days in T. neocalidonychus (Manjunatha and
Puttuswamy 1989); 2.00 ± 0.33 days in case of O. tylus
(Sirsikar and Nagabhushanam 1989); 1.21 days in O. indicus
(Rai et al. 1989); 1.83 ± 0.06 days in O. coffeae (Haque
et al. 2007); 2.27 ± 0.26 days in O. oryzae (Nayak et al.
2007); 2.36 days in T. chinnabarinus (Tello et al.
2009);
0.79 ± 0.07 days in T. chinnabarinus (Kaimal and Ramani
2011); 1.00 ± 0.17 days in T. macfarlanei on C. ternatea
and 3.6 ± 0.34 days in the same mite on J. adhatoda (Bis-
was et al. 2013); 6.4 ± 0.21 days in O. coffeae on tea leaves
(Podder et al. 2014).
Therefore, the duration of protonymphal period recorded
in the present study was much higher as compared to
duration reported by Kaimal and Ramani (2011) and
shorter as compared to duration reported by Podder et al.
(2014) but close to the works of Lal and Mukharji (1979),
Puttaswamy and Channabasavanna (1980), Mallikaraju-
nappa and Nageshchandra (1989), Sirsikar and Nagab-
hushanam (1989), Rai et al. (1989), Haque et al. (2007),
Nayak et al. (2007), Tello et al. (2009) and Biswas et al.
(2013).
Table 1 Duration of different life stages of mite Tetranychus sayedi Baker & Pitchard on hosts—Cryptolepis buchanani Roem & Schult and
Justicia adhatoda L. under laboratory condition (at 27.5 °C and 65% R.H.)
Duration of different life stages (n = 10) Host: Cryptolepis buchanani Roem & Schult Host: Justicia adhatoda L.
Range (mean ± standard error) [in days] Range (mean ± standard error) [in days]
Incubation 3–4 (3.4 ± 0.17) 2–3 (2.7 ± 0.16)
Larva 2–3 (2.2 ± 0.14) 1–4 (2.8 ± 0.40)
Protonymph 1–2 (1.3 ± 0.16) 2–3 (2.5 ± 0.15)
Deutonymph 1–2 (1.6 ± 0.17) 2–3 (2.5 ± 0.17)
Egg-Adult 8–12 (10.0 ± 0.56) 9–14 (12.2 ± 0.58)
Preoviposition 1–2 (1.4 ± 0.17) 1–2 (1.3 ± 0.16)
Oviposition
Unfertilized 8–14 (10.54 ± 0.63) 7–10 (8.4 ± 0.35)
Fertilized 12–18 (15.4 ± 0.70) 9–12 (11.1 ± 0.36)
Postoviposition
Unfertilized 2–3 (2.3 ± 0.17) 1–2 (1.6 ± 0.17)
Fertilized 2–4 (3.0 ± 0.15) 2–3 (2.3 ± 0.16)
Female Longevity
Unfertilized 19–31 (24.5 ± 1.15) 18–28 (20.9 ± 1.10)
Fertilized 23–36 (32.5 ± 1.45) 21–31 (25.1 ± 0.99)
Male Longitivity 10–16 (12.9 ± 0.74) 9–14 (10.5 ± 0.57)
Fecundity
Eggs laid/day (Unfertilized $) 6–8 (7.1 ± 0.33) 4–7 (5.9 ± 0.42)
Eggs laid/day (Fertilized $) 7–10 (9.1
± 0.36) 6–9 (7.8 ± 0.40)
Total number of eggs/Unfertilized $ 49–114 (92.5 ± 8.07) 29–70 (64.8 ± 4.39)
Total number of eggs/Fertilized $ 85–180 (155.5 ± 10.72) 54–109 (91.2 ± 5.98)
% Egg hatching 75–80 (78.0 ± 0.60) 60–70 (65.9 ± 0. 94)
Sex ratio [male:female] 1:5 1:3
864 J Parasit Dis (July-Sept 2017) 41(3):862–868
123
Deutonymphal period
The duration of this stage was 2.5 ± 0.17 and
1.6 ± 0.17 days in case of J. adhatoda and C. buchanani,
respectively. The deutonymph was more reddish and much
more active than protonymph and was found actively
moving on the leaf surface (Table 1).
As per other workers, this period took 3.4–3.6 days in P.
citri (Maity and Chakrabarti 1978); 1.00–1.75 days in E.
uncatus (Lal and Mukharji 1979); 2.27 days in T. ludeni
(Puttaswamy and Channabasavanna 1980); 1.50 ± 0.50 days
in E. hicoriae (Mallikarajunappa and Nageshchandra 1989);
1.50–2.10 days in T. neocalidonychus (Manjunatha and Put-
tuswamy 1989); 1.70 ± 0.25 days in O. tylus (Sirsikar and
Nagabhushanam 1989); 1.56 days in case of O. indicus (Rai
et al. 1989); 2.42 ± 0.28 days in O. oryzae (Nayak et al.
2007); 2.72 days in T. chinnabarinus (Tello et al. 2009);
0.71 ? 0.07 days in T. cinnabarinus (Kaimal and Ramani
2011); 2.0 ± 0.09 days in O. coffeae (Haque et al. 2007);
1.5 ± 0.17 days on C. ternatea and 2.5 ± 0.22 days on J.
adhatoda in T. macfarlanei (Biswas et al. 2013);
1.8 ± 0.25 days in case of O. coffeae (Podder et al. 2014).
Therefore, the duration of deutonymphal period
observed in the present study was much higher as com-
pared to duration reported by Kaimal and Ramani (2011),
shorter than Maity and Chakrabarti (1978) and more or less
close to those of other reports.
Egg-adult period
This period was 10.0 ± 0.56 days in case of C. buchanani
and it was 12.2 ± 0.58 days on the other host (Table 1). It
appeared that the time taken to complete the life cycle
(Egg-Adult period) was shorter on C. buchanani where it
ranged from 8 to 12 days compared to 9–14 days in case of
J. adhatoda (Table 1).
According to the earlier reports regarding this period on
different Tetranychid mites, it took: 12.56–14.00 days in P.
citri (Maity and Chakrabarti 1978); 7.55–8.30 days in E.
uncatus (Lal and Mukharji 1979); 12.48 days in T. ludeni
(Puttaswamy and Channabasavanna 1980);
11.16 ± 1.34 days in E. hicoriae (Mallikarajunappa and
Nageshchandra 1989); 9.90 ± 0.45 days in O. tylus (Sir-
sikar and Nagabhushanam 1989); 12.64 ± 1.57 days in O.
oryzae (Nayak et al. 2007); 12.97±0.29 days in O. coffeae
(Haque et al. 2007);12.84 days in T. chinnabarinus (Tello
et al. 2009); 7.33 ± 0.13 days in T. cinnabarinus (Kaimal
and Ramani 2011); 6.4 ± 0.37 days on C. ternatea and
10.6 ± 0.56 days on J. adhatoda in T. macfarlanei (Bis-
was et al. 2013);16.17 ± 0.37 days in O. coffeae (Podder
et al. 2014
).
Considering the above, duration of Egg-Adult period, as
was found, in the present study, was much higher
compared to those reported by Lal and Mukharji (1979),
Kaimal and Ramani (2011), Biswas et al. (2013) [in case of
T. macfarlanei on host C. ternatea] and lower as compared
to those reported by Podder et al. (2014), but close to the
works of Maity and Chakrabarti (1978), Puttaswamy and
Channabasavanna (1980), Mallikarajunappa and
Nageshchandra (1989), Sirsikar and Nagabhushanam
(1989), Nayak et al. (2007), Haque et al. (2007), Tello et al.
(2009) and Biswas et al. (2013) [in case of T. macfarlanei
on J. adhatoda].
Preoviposition period
The preoviposition period was 1.4 ± 0.17 days in C.
buchanani and it was almost of same duration in case of the
other host (Table 1).
According to Maity and Chakrabarti (1978), the pre-
oviposition period of P. citri was 2.35–2.89 days in case of
unfertilized female and 2.15–2.23 days in case of fertilized
female. This period was 2.33 ± 0.47 days in case of fer-
tilized female of E. hicoriae (Mallikarajunappa and
Nageshchandra 1989). Moreover, this period was
0.65 ± 0.24 days in fertilized female of O. tylus (Sirsikar
and Nagabhushanam 1989); 1.80 ± 0.62 days in fertilized
female of O. indicus (Rai et al. 1989); 1.23 ± 0.41 days in
fertilized female of O. oryzae (Nayak et al. 2007);
1.32 ± 0.11 in case of fertilized female of T. chinnabari-
nus (Tello et al. 2009); 0.5 ± 0 days in fertilized female on
lablab beans (Kaimal and Ramani
2011); 1.0 ± 0.00 days
in case of fertilized female and C. ternatea and
1.0 ± 0.00 days in case of fertilized female J. adhatoda in
T. macfarlanei by (Biswas et al. 2013); 3.00 ± 0.60 days
in fertilized female of O. coffeae (Podder et al. 2014).
Therefore, the duration of preoviposition period as
recorded in the present study was much shorter as com-
pared to duration reported by Maity and Chakrabarti
(1978), Mallikarajunappa and Nageshchandra (1989),
Podder et al. (2014) and much higher as compared to
duration reported by Sirsikar and Nagabhushanam (1989),
Kaimal and Ramani (2011), but close to the works of Rai
et al. (1989), Nayak et al. (2007), Tello et al. (2009) and
Biswas et al. (2013).
Oviposition period
This period was of shorter duration 10.54 ± 0.63 and
15.4 ± 0.70 days in case of unfertilized and fertilized
females respectively on C. buchanani while the corre-
sponding periods were 8.4 ± 0.35 and 11.1 ± 0.36 days in
case of unfertilized and fertilized females, respectively on
J. adhatoda (Table 1).
According to other workers the oviposition period was:
27.41 days in fertilized female of T. ludeni (Puttaswamy
J Parasit Dis (July-Sept 2017) 41(3):862–868 865
123
and Channabasavanna 1980); 21.34 ± 1.63 days in fertil-
ized female of E. hicoriae (Mallikarajunappa and
Nageshchandra 1989); 13.50 ± 0.43 days in fertilized
female of O. tylus (Sirsikar and Nagabhushanam 1989);
4.7 days in fertilized female of O. indicus (Rai et al. 1989);
11.5 ± 2.55 days in of fertilized female of O. oryzae
(Nayak et al. 2007); 16.28 ± 1.31 days in fertilized
females of T. chinnabarinus (Tello et al. 2009);
8.05 ± 0.14 days in fertilized female of T. chinnabarinus
(Kaimal and Ramani 2011); 7.4 ± 1.00 days in unfertil-
ized female and 12.4 ± 1.6 days in fertilized female of T.
macfarlanei on C. ternatea and 10.00 ± 1.15 days in
unfertilized female and 14.67 ± 0.63 days in fertilized
female of T. macfarlanei on J. adhatoda (Biswas et al.
2013); 4.25 ± 0.88 days in fertilized female of O. coffeae
(Podder et al. 2014).
Therefore, the duration of oviposition period observed in
the present study was much higher as compared to duration
reported by Rai et al. (1989) and Biswas et al. (2013) [in
case of T. macfarlanei on J. adhatoda]; Podder et al. (2014)
and much shorter as compared to duration reported by
Puttaswamy and Channabasavanna (1980) and Mallikara-
junappa and Nageshchandra (1989), but close to the reports
of Sirsikar and Nagabhushanam (1989), Nayak et al.
(2007), Tello et al. (
2009), Kaimal and Ramani (2011) and
Biswas et al. (2013) [in T. macfarlanei on C. ternatea].
Postoviposition period
Unlike in case of oviposition period, the postoviposition
period was 2.3 ± 0.17 days in unfertilized females on C.
buchanani compared to 1.6 ± 0.17 days in J. adhatoda.
But this period was longer 3.0 ± 0.15 in case of fertilized
females on C. buchanani against 2.3 ± 0.16 days on J.
adhatoda (Table 1).
As per other workers, the postoviposition period period
was: 3.52–4.07 days in unfertilized female and
3.02–3.63 days in fertilized female of P. citri (Maity and
Chakrabarti 1978); 3.30 days in case of fertilized female of
T. ludeni (Puttaswamy and Channabasavanna 1980);
2.75 ± 0.96 days in fertilized female of E. hicoriae (Mal-
likarajunappa and Nageshchandra 1989); 1.40 ± 0.51 days
in fertilized female of O. tylus (Sirsikar and Nagabhushanam
1989); 2.47 ± 1.45 days in fertilized female of O. indicus
(Rai et al. 1989); 2.50 ± 0.85 days in fertilized female of O.
oryzae (Nayak et al. 2007); 7.20 ± 0.28 days in fertilized
females of T. chinnabarinus (Tello et al. 2009);
0.65 ± 0.07 days in fertilized female of T. chinnabarinus
(Kaimal and Ramani 2011); 1.6 ± 0.24 days in unfertilized
female and 1.00 ± 0.0 days in fertilized female of T. mac-
farlanei on C. ternatea and 1.00 ± 0.0 days in unfertilized
female and 1.4 ± 0.24 days in fertilized female of T.
macfarlanei on J. adhatoda (Biswas et al. 2013);
1.88 ± 0.30 days in fertilized female of O. coffeae (Podder
et al. 2014).
Considering the above, duration for the postoviposition
period recorded in the present study was much higher as
compared to those of Kaimal and Ramani (2011) and much
shorter as compared to duration reported by Maity and
Chakrabarti (1978), Puttaswamy and Channabasavanna
(1980) and Tello et al. (2009), but close to the duration
reported by rest of the workers.
Fecundity
During the present study, the daily fecundity in unfertilized
females was more on C. buchanani where it was
7.1 ± 0.33 compared to 5.9 ± 0.42 eggs in case of J.
adhatoda. Almost similar was observation made on the
fecundity of fertilized females, where this period was
9.1 ± 0.36 eggs on C. buchanani compared to 7.8 ± 0.40
eggs on J. adhatoda. So far as total fecundity was con-
sidered, the similar observation was made as was evident
from the fact that the total fecundity in case of unfertilized
and fertilized females was more on C. buchanani where it
was 92.5 ± 8.07 eggs and 155.5 ± 10.72 eggs, respec-
tively. The corresponding data in case of J. adhatoda it was
64.8 ± 4.39 and 91.2 ± 5.98 eggs (Table 1).
From this it is clear that the daily and total fecundity of
this mite was more in case of C. buchanani as compared to
those on J. adhatoda.
Maity and Chakrabarti (1978) recorded the total fecun-
dity as 24.7–30.0 eggs in unfertilized female and 30.0–36.5
eggs in fertilized female of P. citri. According to Lal and
Mukharji (1979), the daily fecundity as 10–15 eggs in
unfertilized female and 17–26 eggs in fertilized female of
E. uncatus. Puttaswamy and Channabasavanna (1980)
observed the daily fecundity was 4.73 eggs in unfertilized
female and 7.83 eggs in fertilized female and the total
fecundity was 132.00 eggs in unfertilized female and
165.86 eggs in fertilized female of T. ludeni. The daily
fecundity was 10.55 ± 3.59 eggs in fertilized female of E.
hicoriae (Mallikarajunappa and Nageshchandra 1989). Rai
et al. (1989) reported the total fecundity as 30.8 eggs in
fertilized female of O. indicus. The total fecundity was
30.70 ± 9.26 eggs in fertilized female of O. oryzae on
paddy by Nayak et al. (2007). Tello et al. (2009), observed
the daily fecundity as 3.92 ± 0.21 eggs in unfertilized
female and total fecundity was 67.12 ± 7.07 eggs in
unfertilized female of T. chinnabarinus. Kaimal and
Ramani (2011), reported 37.2 ± 1.5 eggs in unfertilized
female and 47.8 ± 1.9 eggs in fertilized female of T.
chinnabarinus as the total fecundity. Biswas et al. (2013)
observed the total fecundity as 80.0 ± 21.64 eggs in
unfertilized female and 91.6 ± 11.61 eggs in fertilized
female of T. macfarlanei on C. ternatea and 19.8 ± 3.90
866 J Parasit Dis (July-Sept 2017) 41(3):862–868
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