Lightning arc damage to optical fiber ground wires (OPGW): parameters and test methods
15 Jul 2001-Vol. 1, pp 88-93
TL;DR: The present version of IEEE Standard 1138 gives no guidance regarding the possible damage to OPGW from exposure to lightning as mentioned in this paper, which may not be enough to protect optical fibers from long-term damage.
Abstract: The present version of IEEE Standard 1138 gives no guidance regarding the possible damage to OPGW from exposure to lightning. Industry experience with conventional overhead ground wires has settled on an overall diameter in excess of 12 mm for good long-term mechanical performance. This may not be enough to protect optical fibers from long-term damage. Test specifications, using the existing body of knowledge for calculation of lightning tripout rates, can be derived from existing practice in IEEE Standard 1243, supplemented by empirical fits to observations of the distribution of total flash charge as measured by Berger. Test procedures can also be recommended, based on practical experience obtained using a variety of approaches that include IEEE Standard 4 and IEC 60794.
Citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a computational algorithm that analyzes the pixels of the images obtained by a high-speed camera and plots luminosity-versus-time for 63 natural discharges and classified them into six different types.
66 citations
Cites background from "Lightning arc damage to optical fib..."
...…with thermal effects, such as burned-through ground wires and optical fiber ground wires (OPGW) of overhead power lines, blowing fuses used to protect distribution transformers, holes in the metal skins of aircraft, etc (Chisholm et al., 2001; Fisher and Plummer, 1977; Rakov and Uman, 1990)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the wave shape of positive cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes through high-speed GPS synchronized videos and compared the results with data obtained by the Brazilian Lightning Location System (BrasilDAT).
45 citations
Cites background from "Lightning arc damage to optical fib..."
...…with thermal effects, such as burned-through ground wires and optical fiber ground wires (OPGW) of overhead power lines, blowing fuses used to protect distribution transformers, holes in the metal skins of aircraft, etc (e.g., Chisholm et al., 2001; Fisher and Plumer, 1977; Rakov and Uman, 1990)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented some parameters of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in terms of frequency distribution, including the number of strokes per flash, time intervals between strokes, and total flash duration.
Abstract: [1] This paper presents some parameters of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in terms of frequency distribution. All data are based on so-called “accurate-stroke-count studies” from different climatological regions in the world and were already published in the literature with the exception of our measurements. We used GPS synchronized data from two digital high-speed cameras (at 1–8,000 frames/sec). The parameters considered in this study are: (1) continuing current duration, (2) time intervals between strokes, (3) number of strokes per flash and (4) total flash duration. The analysis includes Berger's data of Monte San Salvatore (Switzerland), which is the basis for lightning protection standards. The comparison suggests that despite of overall agreement of those parameters that some of them, currently used in protection standards, should be revised in order to be more realistic.
37 citations
Cites background from "Lightning arc damage to optical fib..."
...…wires and Optical Fiber Ground Wires (OPGW) of overhead power lines [IEC, 2003a; IEEE, 2009], blowing fuses used to protect distribution transformers, holes in the metal skins of aircrafts, etc. [see, e.g., Fisher and Plumer, 1977; M. A. Uman, 1984; Rakov and Uman, 1990b; Chisholm et al., 2001]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a rupture accident of overhead ground wire (OGW) occurred in Qingyuan, Guangdong Province due to a large lightning strike (475.9kA) was investigated.
19 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of lightning and impulse currents on the perturbations of the state of polarization (SOP) of optical beams transmitted on aerial cables are emulated in a laboratory environment.
Abstract: The effects of lightning and impulse currents on the perturbations of the state of polarization (SOP) of optical beams transmitted on aerial cables are emulated in a laboratory environment. Submicrosecond-resolved measurements enable us to distinguish and quantify the magnetooptic contributions due to the discharge current. The maximum of Faraday-induced circular birefringence associated to natural strokes is estimated in /spl Delta/n/sub lr//spl ap/10/sup -7/ and may lead in a few microseconds to iterate swapping between orthogonal SOPs. The corresponding peak in relative phase delay, cumulated in transmission along a span, is evaluated as /spl Delta//spl tau//sub lr//spl ap/0.3 ps.
16 citations
Cites background from "Lightning arc damage to optical fib..."
...attained [3], [4], lightning events cause the state of polarization (SOP) of the transmitted optical signal to evolve....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the time derivative of the electric field of triggered lightning strokes at distances of 10, 14, and 30 m. The data were taken in 1998 at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing at Camp Blanding, Florida.
Abstract: We have directly measured the time derivative of the electric field of triggered lightning strokes at distances of 10, 14, and 30 m. The data were taken in 1998 at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing at Camp Blanding, Florida. We compare our results with those of similar triggered lightning measurements made previously at the Kennedy Space Center at distances of 50 m and 5 km and in France at 50 m. We also compare our electric field derivative waveforms with previous measurements at the Kennedy Space Center of natural lightning strokes over the Atlantic Ocean at distances of the order of tens of kilometers and with overland natural lightning data obtained at 0.7 to 14 km in Germany. Our return stroke electric field derivative peak values normalized (assuming the inverse distance dependence valid for radiation fields) to 100 km are similar to all previous measurements for both natural and triggered lightning at distances from 50 m to about 50 km, all being several tens of volts per meter per microsecond, with the exception of the German overland peak derivative values which are an order of magnitude lower. Our 10- to 30-m field derivative zero-to-peak risetimes are typically 50 to 100 ns (minimum of 30 ns and maximum of 180 ns), and widths at half-peak value are typically 100 to 200 ns. There is essentially no difference between our electric field derivative waveshapes measured simultaneously at 10 m and at 30 m, with the closer waveform being about a factor of 2 greater in amplitude. Fourier analysis of our electric field derivative waveforms indicates that the primary frequency content of the waveforms is below about 20 MHz. Our close return stroke field derivative waveforms differ from those of Leteinturier et al. (1990) recorded 50 m from triggered lightning at the Kennedy Space Center in 1985 in that their derivative waveforms typically decrease rapidly after the peak and exhibit zero crossings and in that their waveforms tend to have multiple peaks, while our derivative waveforms are generally single peaked and decay more gradually to zero after the peak, with no zero crossings. We argue that the differences between their waveforms and ours are related to the relatively large rocket-launching structure used at the Kennedy Space Center in 1985.
51 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the results of various investigations made in developing lightning-resistant overhead ground wires (GW) and composite fiber optic ground wire (OPGW) applicable for conventional transmission lines.
Abstract: Overhead ground wires (GW) are vulnerable to strand breakage due to lightning strikes. With the wider application of composite fiber optic ground wire (OPGW), it becomes more important to protect GW from such damage. In this paper, the authors present the results of various investigations made in developing lightning-resistant GW/OPGW. Investigations included field experiments using rocket-triggered lightning, studies on materials and designs to improve lightning characteristics and various evaluation tests, such as DC arc tests, of several prototypes. As a result, the authors have developed lightning-resistant GW/OPGW applicable for conventional transmission lines. >
13 citations