Linear viscoelastic behaviour of bituminous materials: From binders to mixes
TL;DR: In this paper, a 2S2P1D model was developed for the modeling of linear viscoelastic properties of both bituminous binders and mixes, which is a generalization of the Huet-Sayegh analogical model.
Abstract: A large experimental campaign on the characterization of the linear viscoelastic behaviour of different bituminous materials was carried out. The goal was to establish the links between the linear viscoelastic properties (which are observed in the small strain domain) of binders and those of bituminous mixes. The linear viscoelastic behaviour of bituminous binders and mixes was studied by performing complex modulus tests at different temperatures and frequencies. A unique rheological model (called “2S2P1D model”) was developed for the modelling of linear viscoelastic properties of both bituminous binders and mixes. This model consists of a generalization of the Huet-Sayegh analogical model. Analyses on test data for five binders and different mastic and mix composition, show that the introduced model fits quite well the measurements. Finally, from our first results, a transformation that is independent of the introduced model allows the mix complex modulus to be predicted easily and efficiently f...
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TL;DR: In this article, a review on the techniques used to overcome/mitigate the shortcomings of conventional polymer-modified asphalt binders is provided, and a review of the effects of various types of polymers used in asphalt industry and their effects on the rheological, morphological, physical and mechanical properties of polymer modified asphalt binder are also discussed.
303 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the use of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) as sustainable aggregates in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) for low-volume roads.
215 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an extensive literature review on the modelling of the linear viscoelastic (LVE) rheological properties of bitumen over the last six decades is presented.
186 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the complex Poisson's ratio ( ν* ) is introduced and its evolution with temperature and frequency is studied for a bitumen, a mastic, and a mix.
Abstract: The linear viscoelastic properties of bituminous mixtures are used to design pavement structure. Usually, only complex moduli E* (complex Young modulus) or G* (complex shear modulus) characterizing the stiffness of the materials in one direction (1D) are measured by classical tests. In this paper, the three-dimensional (3D) behavior is investigated. The complex Poisson's ratio ( ν* ) is introduced. Its evolution with temperature and frequency is studied for a bitumen, a mastic, and a mix. Experimental results show that the time–temperature superposition principle is applicable in the 3D case. The same shift factor applies for E* and ν* . The Di Benedetto–Neifar model developed at Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’Etat to simulate so far the 1D thermo-elastoviscoplastic behavior of bituminous materials has been extended to simulate their 3D isotropic behavior. Calibration of the model and comparison between simulations in the linear viscoelastic domain and experimental data are proposed.
169 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a goal-based dynamic action selection mechanism incorporating a model for emotions was developed for use with autonomous agents, and the model incorporated a reward prediction module that altered the effect of an event based on the error between when an event occurred and when it was predicted to occur, which resulted in the emotions returning to their steady state values unless there was continual reinforcement through the occurrence of events.
Abstract: A goal based dynamic action selection mechanism incorporating a model for emotions was developed for use with autonomous agents. An autonomous agent was developed to test the action selection mechanism by recreating the scenario of an animal foraging for food while avoiding predators. Four emotions of anger, fear, happiness, and surprise were modelled which were affected by events such as finding food, encountering a predator, encountering a boundary wall, finding a safe area, and being in a state of low health. The model incorporated a reward prediction module that altered the effect of an event based on the error between when an event occurred and when it was predicted to occur. The model also included a decay term that resulted in the emotions returning to their steady state values unless there was continual reinforcement through the occurrence of events. Four different temperaments referred to as irate, timid, cheerful, and anxious were used to study the effect of differing temperaments on the emotions.
133 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1961
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the nature of Viscoelastic behavior of polymeric systems and approximate relations among the linear Viscoels and approximate interrelations among the Viscelastic Functions.
Abstract: The Nature of Viscoelastic Behavior. Illustrations of Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymeric Systems. Exact Interrelations among the Viscoelastic Functions. Approximate Interrelations among the Linear Viscoelastic Functions. Experimental Methods for Viscoelastic Liquids. Experimental Methods for Soft Viscoelastic Solids and Liquids of High Viscosity. Experimental Methods for Hard Viscoelastic Solids. Experimental Methods for Bulk Measurements. Dilute Solutions: Molecular Theory and Comparisons with Experiments. Molecular Theory for Undiluted Amorphous Polymers and Concentrated Solutions Networks and Entanglements. Dependence of Viscoelastic Behavior on Temperature and Pressure. The Transition Zone from Rubberlike to Glasslike Behavior. The Plateau and Terminal Zones in Uncross-Linked Polymers. Cross-Linked Polymers and Composite Systems. The Glassy State. Crystalline Polymers. Concentrated Solutions, Plasticized Polymers, and Gels. Viscoelastic Behavior in Bulk (Volume) Deformation. Applications to Practical Problems. Appendices. Author & Subject Indexes.
12,676 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a unique rheological model has been developed for the modeling of linear viscoelastic properties of both bituminous binders and mixes, which consists of a generalization of the Huet-Sayegh analogical model.
Abstract: A research including a large experimental campaign on the characterization of the viscoelastic behavior of different bituminous materials was developed. The aim is to establish the links between the viscoelastic properties (which are observed in the small strain domain) of binders and those of bituminous mixes. The viscoelastic behavior of bituminous binders and mixes has been studied by performing complex modulus tests at different temperatures and frequencies. A unique rheological model has been developed for the modeling of linear viscoelastic properties of both bituminous binders and mixes. This model consists of a generalization of the Huet-Sayegh analogical model. Analyses on test data for nine different binders and four mixes, with one mix design, show that the introduced model fits quite well the measurements. Finally, from our first results, a transformation that is independent of the introduced model allows to predict easily and efficiently the mix complex modulus from the binder one.
400 citations
01 Oct 1993
TL;DR: The SHRP A-005 project developed detailed pavement performance models to support these binder and mixture specifications and performance-based mixture designs as mentioned in this paper, which can predict the amount of fatigue cracking, thermal cracking and rutting in asphalt concrete pavements.
Abstract: A result of the Strategic Highway Research Program's asphalt research is the development of performance-based specifications for asphalt binders and mixtures to control 3 distress modes: rutting; fatigue cracking; and thermal cracking. The SHRP A-005 project developed detailed pavement performance models to support these binder and mixture specifications and performance-based mixture designs. This report documents the findings of this extensive research effort and provides supporting data for the performance-based specifications and mixture design procedure called SUPERPAVE. The A-005 contract developed and used a sophisticated, mechanistic-based pavement performance model to define the relationships between asphalt binder and mixture properties and pavement distress. A comprehensive pavement performance model was developed that predicts the amount of fatigue cracking, thermal cracking and rutting in asphalt concrete pavements with time, using results from the accelerated laboratory tests. The pavement performance models for each distress were also used to confirm the relevant binder and mixture properties established by other SHRP contractors. The model has 3 parts: a mixture evaluation model; a pavement response model; and a pavement distress model.
391 citations
01 Jan 1992
Abstract: Dynamic mechanical analysis, and other methods of rheological testing, have been used for many years on asphalt cement. Unfortunately, there currently exists some confusion over the interpretation of dynamic mechanical data on asphalt cements. In order to clarify appropriate methods of interpreting rheological data on paving grade asphalts, test data for a number of asphalt cements having widely different properties must be analyzed in light of rheological theory and appropriate mathematical models. The purpose of this paper is to describe various useful techniques for interpreting viscoelastic data on asphalt cements. Dynamic mechanical test data is emphasized, although many of the principles presented apply equally well to other types of rheological data.
318 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a goal-based dynamic action selection mechanism incorporating a model for emotions was developed for use with autonomous agents, and the model incorporated a reward prediction module that altered the effect of an event based on the error between when an event occurred and when it was predicted to occur, which resulted in the emotions returning to their steady state values unless there was continual reinforcement through the occurrence of events.
Abstract: A goal based dynamic action selection mechanism incorporating a model for emotions was developed for use with autonomous agents. An autonomous agent was developed to test the action selection mechanism by recreating the scenario of an animal foraging for food while avoiding predators. Four emotions of anger, fear, happiness, and surprise were modelled which were affected by events such as finding food, encountering a predator, encountering a boundary wall, finding a safe area, and being in a state of low health. The model incorporated a reward prediction module that altered the effect of an event based on the error between when an event occurred and when it was predicted to occur. The model also included a decay term that resulted in the emotions returning to their steady state values unless there was continual reinforcement through the occurrence of events. Four different temperaments referred to as irate, timid, cheerful, and anxious were used to study the effect of differing temperaments on the emotions.
133 citations