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Journal ArticleDOI

Lipolytic activity of dermatophytes.

30 Apr 1972-Mycopathologia Et Mycologia Applicata (Kluwer Academic Publishers)-Vol. 46, Iss: 4, pp 319-323
TL;DR: Among subcultured strains, it was found a decreased lipolytic activity in Microsporum species and an increased lipolyic activity in Epidermophyton and someTrichophyton species.
Abstract: Lipolytic activity of dermatophytes was tested by the method generally used forCandida lipolytica. Most of the freshly isolated strains ofMicrosporum canis, M. gypseum, Epidermophyton floccosum andTrichophyton mentagrophytes gave positive reactions, whereas, only few strains ofT. schoenleini, T. violaceum, T. megnini, T. rubrum andT. tonsurans yielded such reactions. Among subcultured strains, it was found a decreased lipolytic activity inMicrosporum species and an increased lipolytic activity inEpidermophyton and someTrichophyton species.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1997-Mycoses
TL;DR: A total of 123 isolates of 14 species of dermatophytes and yeasts were screened for the activity of five extracellular enzymes including elastase, keratinase, protease, lipase and phospholipase, by using solid media.
Abstract: A total of 123 isolates of 14 species of dermatophytes and yeasts were screened for the activity of five extracellular enzymes including elastase, keratinase, protease (gelatinase), lipase and phospholipase, by using solid media. The optimal production and activity of each enzyme was determined with regard to different pH and temperatures. Keratinase activity was high with all the tested fungi with exception of Malassezia furfur. Protease (gelatinase) was produced only by dermatophytes. Elastase was secreted by three dermatophytes viz. Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes and T. verrucosum, whereas lipase and phospholipase were detected in all the species except T. violaceum.

91 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 2009-Mycoses
TL;DR: The known mechanisms and factors involved in human tinea and important for the host response are briefly delineated and Cellular defence mechanisms appear to be decisive for clearing of infection.
Abstract: Skin infection caused by dermatophytes is called tinea. In this short review, the known mechanisms and factors involved in human tinea and important for the host response are briefly delineated. To establish tinea, fungal propagules must attach to the skin, germinate and overcome the epidermal barrier. Keratinases and other enzymes are released in this process and host keratinocytes are activated. This is followed by an inflammatory response mediated by a plentitude of cytokines and receptors, comprising innate as well as acquired immunity, including neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, antibodies and T cells. Cellular defence mechanisms appear to be decisive for clearing of infection. Nails and hair follicles are the particular sites often invaded by dermatophytes that show distinctive patterns of infection. Nails are largely excluded from defence mechanisms and steroid hormones of the pilosebaceous units may have a particular effect on follicular infection. Fungal invasion of the dermis can cause granulomatous reactions. Immune reactions to dermatophytes may lead to sterile eruptions distant from the infected skin areas.

41 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
24 Apr 2009-Mycoses
TL;DR: The experiments showed that short chain saturated fatty acids (C 7:0‐C 11:0) are more toxic to dermatophytes than long chain ones (> C 12:0), and the antifungal activity decreases with increasing carbon chain length in the even‐numbered carbon chain series.
Abstract: Ten saturated and three unsaturated fatty acids over a wide spectrum of their carbon chain length were tested for their fungitoxicity against five dermatophytes. The experiments showed that short chain saturated fatty acids (C 7:0-C 11:0) are more toxic to dermatophytes than long chain ones (> C 12:0). The antifungal activity decreases with increasing carbon chain length in the even-numbered carbon chain series. Odd-numbered carbon fatty acids show irregularities in these respects. Undecanoic acid (C 11:0) is outstandingly most toxic in the C 7:0-C 18:0 series. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are more toxic than their corresponding saturated acids. The per cent growth inhibition decreased from day 4 to day 12 at all concentrations suggesting the degradation and/or utilization of fatty acids by the fungi during the observation period. The results are discussed on the background of the biochemistry of fatty acids.

37 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present review will bring out the differences or similarities of lipid metabolism in diverse fungal species and each section will deal, comparatively, with various aspects of fungal lipid metabolism and physiology.
Abstract: So far, reviews that have appeared on fungal lipids present data mainly on the lipid composition of these organisms and the influence of lipids on their physiology. These reviews provide little information about the enzymes of lipid metabolism in these organisms and it is assumed, by most workers, that lipid synthesis in all fungi takes place as in Saccharomyces cervesiae, the only fungus in which the complete pathways of phospholipid biosynthesis have been worked out. During the last few years, literature has accumulated on lipid metabolic enzymes of other fungi, as investigators became increasingly interested in this area of research. The present review, after an introduction, will be divided into different sections and each section will deal, comparatively, with various aspects of fungal lipid metabolism and physiology. This review will, therefore, bring out the differences or similarities of lipid metabolism in diverse fungal species.

37 citations

References
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Book
01 Dec 1958
TL;DR: The chemistry and biology of yeasts, The chemistry of yeast, and the biology of yeast are discussed in this article, where the authors propose a method to identify the genes of yeast.
Abstract: The chemistry and biology of yeasts , The chemistry and biology of yeasts , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

226 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new culture medium (DTM) has been devised for the simplified diagnosis of dermatophytosis and the nonmycologist can now recognize a griseofulvin-sensitive infection quite well by noting the change of the color of the agar from yellow to red.
Abstract: A new culture medium (DTM) has been devised for the simplified diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Results can be evaluated by a color change in the medium without detailed knowledge of colony morphology. Although microscopic features are required for positive botanical identification, the nonmycologist can now recognize a griseofulvin-sensitive infection quite well by noting the change of the color of the agar from yellow to red. The medium is superior to currently available commercial preparations in eliminating bacterial contamination, reducing fungal contaminants, and allowing a higher recovery rate of dermatophytic fungi and Candida albicans.

148 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: As an aid in the identification of the dermatophytes, particularly various Trichophyton species, a number of practical physiological tests have been developed.
Abstract: Dermatophytes are usually identified on the basis of the gross and microscopic cultural characteristics that develop on Sabouraud's dextrose agar. Most isolates develop colony forms, pigmentation, and spores which are diagnostic for the species. However, many atypical strains are encountered. In addition, there are a number of species which seldom produce spores and whose colonies resemble each other so closely that they can not be identified solely on the basis of morphological criteria. As an aid in the identification of the dermatophytes, particularly various Trichophyton species, a number of practical physiological tests have been developed.

105 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The mechanism of the sterilizing power of fatty acids and soaps, the influence exerted by cystein, blood, and ultra-violet light on the sterilization power, of skin fats and fatty acids, and the relationship of skin fatty acids to lysozyme are discussed.
Abstract: 1. Four β-haemolytic strains of Streptococcus, suspended in normal saline, showed progressive increase in mortality, as the pHwas lowered from 7·5 to 5·0; below pH 5·0 the mortality was greatly accentuated.2. Ether and alcohol extracts of human skin and its appendages were powerfully, saline extracts more weakly and inconstantly, lethal to the haemolytic Streptococcus and to certain other organisms.3. The long chain fatty acids and soaps are the chief, if not the only, bactericidal constituents of skin and its appendages.4. Experiments are described illustra ting the streptococcocidal effect of various acids occurring in animal fats.5. Cystein and blood inhibit the streptoeoccocidal activity of skin fats and certain fatty acids. Ultra-violet light may increase this activity, or abolish, the inhibition exercised by cystein.6. The mechanism of the sterilizing power of fatty acids and soaps, the influence exerted by cystein, blood, and ultra-violet light on the sterilizing power, of skin fats and fatty acids, and the relationship of skin fatty acids to lysozyme are discussed.

105 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The point of view directing these studies can be briefly stated as follows: in any tuberculous lesion the bacilli must obtain energy for life and growth and the processes involved and their significance for the progress or arrest of a lesion can be investigated by studying, first, the metabolic characteristics of the bacteria, and second, the envirornent to which they are exposed.
Abstract: The point of view directing these studies can be briefly stated as follows: In any tuberculous lesion the bacilli must obtain energy for life and growth. The processes involved and their significance for the progress or arrest of a lesion can be investigated by studying, first, the metabolic characteristics of the bacteria, and second, the envirornent to which they are exposed. For the sake of concreteness we reproduce figure 1, outlining the physical and chemical features in the environment of the tubercle bacillus. Particular attention may be directed to the blood supply, the monocytes and the caseous material because they may be essential determinants of the quantity of energy available to the bacteria. The detailed experiments and discussion of these factors must appear later in the course of the papers.2

88 citations