Local Ca2+ detection and modulation of synaptic release by astrocytes
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Cites background from "Local Ca2+ detection and modulation..."
...Recent studies revealed, however, that small, rapid, and localized Ca2+ responses can be elicited in microdomains of astrocytic processes by minimal synaptic activity (Di Castro et al., 2011; Panatier et al., 2011)....
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...…astrocytic Ca2+ activation, initially restricted to a microdomain, expands beyond the local subcompartment into another process (Figure 2B) and eventually the whole cell (Figure 2C) (Castonguay et al., 2001; Di Castro et al., 2011; Panatier et al., 2011; Pasti et al., 1997; Zonta et al., 2003)....
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...Also, Di Castro et al. (2011) reported complex spatial-temporal properties of Ca2+ responses elicited by axonal firing in astrocytic processes, sometimes with multiple initiation points....
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...…space integration encompasses faster and more local changes based on the rapid activation of small compartments along the astrocytic processes (Di Castro et al., 2011; Grosche et al., 1999; Panatier et al., 2011; Pasti et al., 1997) up to complex multiastrocytic and neuronal interactions that…...
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...…which mimic the typical oscillatory behavior of astrocyte Ca2+ signals both at rest (Nett et al., 2002) and in response to neuronal activity (Di Castro et al., 2011; Pasti et al., 1997), resulted in multiple glutamate release episodes and, in turn, repetitive activation of neuronal receptors....
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921 citations
Cites background from "Local Ca2+ detection and modulation..."
...Compartmentalization of Ca(2) signaling in fine astroglial processes may involve specific positioning of mitochondria which tend to immobilize themselves in sites of focal [Ca(2) ]i spikes (423)....
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...Usually [Ca(2) ]i transients were larger and longer in the soma; in the processes both frequent and relatively fast [Ca(2) ]i fluctuations (423, 1308, 1831) as well as very slow (~40 s) events, defined as “Ca(2) twinkles” (821) were reported....
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...Both types of localized Ca(2) dynamics in astroglial processes were associated with InsP3R-mediated Ca 2 release; they were inhibited by intracellular injection of heparin and were almost completely eliminated in InsP3R2 / mice (423)....
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...In the distal processes, Ca(2) signals occur as localized microdomains either spontaneously without obvious link to neuronal activity (821, 1208, 1609) or in response to synaptic stimulation (423, 609, 821, 1225, 1660)....
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...Importantly, Ca(2) mobilizing mechanisms differ between astrocytes from different brain regions: Ca(2) microdomains in Bergmann glia and in the main processes of hippocampal astrocytes were mediated solely by InsP3 receptors (423, 879)....
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"Local Ca2+ detection and modulation..." refers background in this paper
...Studies in cell cultures suggest that astrocytes contribute to this functio...
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