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Journal ArticleDOI

Location Fingerprinting With Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons

06 May 2015-IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (IEEE)-Vol. 33, Iss: 11, pp 2418-2428
TL;DR: This work provides a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a ~600 m2 testbed to position a consumer device, and investigates the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency.
Abstract: The complexity of indoor radio propagation has resulted in location-awareness being derived from empirical fingerprinting techniques, where positioning is performed via a previously-constructed radio map, usually of WiFi signals. The recent introduction of the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio protocol provides new opportunities for indoor location. It supports portable battery-powered beacons that can be easily distributed at low cost, giving it distinct advantages over WiFi. However, its differing use of the radio band brings new challenges too. In this work, we provide a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a $\sim\! 600\ \mbox{m}^2$ testbed to position a consumer device. We demonstrate the high susceptibility of BLE to fast fading, show how to mitigate this, and quantify the true power cost of continuous BLE scanning. We further investigate the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency. We also provide quantitative comparison with WiFi fingerprinting. Our results show advantages to the use of BLE beacons for positioning. For one-shot (push-to-fix) positioning we achieve $30\ \mbox{m}^2$ ), compared to $100\ \mbox{m}^2$ ) and < 8.5 m for an established WiFi network in the same area.

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Citations
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Dissertation
01 Jul 2019
TL;DR: This thesis proposes that BLE beacons are capable of providing proximity and location-based services, both indoors and outdoors with a suitable level of precision and accuracy, in the framework of IoT.
Abstract: BLE BEACONS FOR PROXIMITY-BASED AND LOCATION-BASED SERVICES Andrew Mackey Advisors: University of Guelph, 2019 Petros Spachos Stefano Gregori In recent years, there has been a rapid growth in what is called Internet of Things (IoT). IoT can be described as the interconnectedness of all things, where we as people are able to interact with our physical environment using wireless communications. One of the core wireless technologies that has been a driving force in the growth of IoT is Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). This thesis focuses on proximity-based and location-based services using BLE beacons and smartphone devices. Moreover, this thesis proposes that BLE beacons are capable of providing proximity and location-based services, both indoors and outdoors with a suitable level of precision and accuracy. Proximity and location using BLE beacons are realized using a Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) technique. The results of numerous experiments provide sufficient evidence that BLE beacons are a viable and highly scalable option for such services in the framework of IoT. Dedicated to my parents. A caring mother who has always supported me and my father, a true man who I always have and always will aspire to emulate. . .

1 citations


Cites background from "Location Fingerprinting With Blueto..."

  • ...The work in [36] demonstrates the development and testing of location fingerprinting using BLE beacons....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
14 Jan 2022
TL;DR: The designed computer vision-based method can successfully recognize images for indoor positioning, which is highly practical and has lower computational effort than the classical convolutional neural network CNN.
Abstract: Location Based Service (LBS) is becoming increasingly valuable in many indoor application scenarios. However, existing indoor positioning technologies are either too costly or have high computational volumes. It is a challenge to achieve positioning both at low cost and low computation. To address this problem, we propose an indoor positioning algorithm based on computer vision, which can achieve localization at a low-cost and low computational complexity. In the proposed method, the lightweight MobileNet network is used to build an image classification model to train and optimize the collected dataset, then the predicted positions are obtained by inputting the images of the locations to be measured into the trained model. The experimental results demonstrate that the MobileNet model has lower computational effort than the classical convolutional neural network CNN. The designed computer vision-based method can successfully recognize images for indoor positioning, which is highly practical. ∗Corresponding author Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org. APIT 2022, January 14–16, 2022, Virtual Event, Thailand © 2022 Association for Computing Machinery. ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-9557-1/22/01. . . $15.00 https://doi.org/10.1145/3512353.3512378 CCS CONCEPTS •Computingmethodologies→Artificial intelligence; Computer vision.

1 citations

01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: Smartphones have facilitated tasks in private and work life for its users and in business, employees often should manage sensitive data that unauthorised people cannot access, so some user authentications are needed.
Abstract: Smartphones have facilitated tasks in private and work life for its users. In business,employees often should manage sensitive data that unauthorised people cannot access,so some user authenticatio ...

1 citations


Cites background from "Location Fingerprinting With Blueto..."

  • ...[15] demonstrated that BLE beacons are better for indoor positioning in combination of Bluetooth technology....

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Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this article , a Raspberry Pi 3 B board measures a distance to the nearest obstacle via ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 and recognizes human faces by Pi camera, OpenCV library, and Adam Geitgey module.
Abstract: Smart assistive devices for blind and visually impaired (B&VI) people are of high interest today since wearable IoT hardware became available for a wide range of users. In the first project, the Raspberry Pi 3 B board measures a distance to the nearest obstacle via ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 and recognizes human faces by Pi camera, OpenCV library, and Adam Geitgey module. Objects are found by Bluetooth devices of classes 1-3 and iBeacons. Intelligent eHealth agents cooperate with one another in a smart city mesh network via MQTT and BLE protocols. In the second project, B&VIs are supported to play golf. Golf flagsticks have sound marking devices with a buzzer, NodeMcu Lua ESP8266 ESP-12 WiFi board, and WiFi remote control. In the third project, an assistive device supports the orientation of B&VIs by measuring the distance to obstacles via Arduino Uno and HC-SR04. The distance is pronounced through headphones. In the fourth project, the soft-/hardware complex uses Raspberry Pi 3 B and Bytereal iBeacon fingerprinting to uniquely identify the B&VI location at industrial facilities.

1 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 2007
TL;DR: Comprehensive performance comparisons including accuracy, precision, complexity, scalability, robustness, and cost are presented.
Abstract: Wireless indoor positioning systems have become very popular in recent years. These systems have been successfully used in many applications such as asset tracking and inventory management. This paper provides an overview of the existing wireless indoor positioning solutions and attempts to classify different techniques and systems. Three typical location estimation schemes of triangulation, scene analysis, and proximity are analyzed. We also discuss location fingerprinting in detail since it is used in most current system or solutions. We then examine a set of properties by which location systems are evaluated, and apply this evaluation method to survey a number of existing systems. Comprehensive performance comparisons including accuracy, precision, complexity, scalability, robustness, and cost are presented.

4,123 citations


"Location Fingerprinting With Blueto..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Indoor positioning is a mature research field, with many proposed technologies and techniques—comprehensive overviews can be found in [2], [18], [19]....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
06 Jun 2005
TL;DR: The Horus system identifies different causes for the wireless channel variations and addresses them and uses location-clustering techniques to reduce the computational requirements of the algorithm and the lightweight Horus algorithm helps in supporting a larger number of users by running the algorithm at the clients.
Abstract: We present the design and implementation of the Horus WLAN location determination system. The design of the Horus system aims at satisfying two goals: high accuracy and low computational requirements. The Horus system identifies different causes for the wireless channel variations and addresses them to achieve its high accuracy. It uses location-clustering techniques to reduce the computational requirements of the algorithm. The lightweight Horus algorithm helps in supporting a larger number of users by running the algorithm at the clients.We discuss the different components of the Horus system and its implementation under two different operating systems and evaluate the performance of the Horus system on two testbeds. Our results show that the Horus system achieves its goal. It has an error of less than 0.6 meter on the average and its computational requirements are more than an order of magnitude better than other WLAN location determination systems. Moreover, the techniques developed in the context of the Horus system are general and can be applied to other WLAN location determination systems to enhance their accuracy. We also report lessons learned from experimenting with the Horus system and provide directions for future work.

1,631 citations


"Location Fingerprinting With Blueto..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Here the focus is on radio positioning, specifically using the empirical fingerprinting techniques [3], [15], [17], [22] that avoid the need to model the complex radio propagation environment indoors by patternmatching to a previously surveyed map of radio signal strengths....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that PDR techniques alone can offer good short- to medium- term tracking under certain circumstances, but that regular absolute position fixes from partner systems will be needed to ensure long-term operation and to cope with unexpected behaviours.
Abstract: With the continual miniaturisation of sensors and processing nodes, Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) systems are becoming feasible options for indoor tracking. These use inertial and other sensors, often combined with domain-specific knowledge about walking, to track user movements. There is currently a wealth of relevant literature spread across different research communities. In this survey, a taxonomy of modern PDRs is developed and used to contextualise the contributions from different areas. Techniques for step detection, characterisation, inertial navigation and step-and-heading-based dead-reckoning are reviewed and compared. Techniques that incorporate building maps through particle filters are analysed, along with hybrid systems that use absolute position fixes to correct dead-reckoning output. In addition, consideration is given to the possibility of using smartphones as PDR sensing devices. The survey concludes that PDR techniques alone can offer good short- to medium- term tracking under certain circumstances, but that regular absolute position fixes from partner systems will be needed to ensure long-term operation and to cope with unexpected behaviours. It concludes by identifying a detailed list of challenges for PDR researchers.

749 citations


"Location Fingerprinting With Blueto..." refers background in this paper

  • ...fingerprints with other sources to form hybrid systems, many of which are based on the idea of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) [10], [16] being applied to pedestrian dead reckoning [13]....

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01 Feb 2000
TL;DR: This paper analyzes shortcomings of the basic system, develops and evaluates solutions to address these shortcomings, and describes several new enhancements, including a novel access point-based environmental profiling scheme, and a Viterbi-like algorithm for continuous user tracking and disambiguation of candidate user locations.
Abstract: We address the problem of locating users inside buildings using a radio-frequency (RF) wireless LAN. A previous paper presented the basic design and a limited evaluation of a user-location system we have developed. In this paper, we analyze shortcomings of the basic system, and develop and evaluate solutions to address these shortcomings. Additionally, we describe several new enhancements, including a novel access point-based environmental profiling scheme, and a Viterbi-like algorithm for continuous user tracking and disambiguation of candidate user locations. Using extensive data collected from our deployment, we evaluate our system’s performance over multiple wireless LAN technologies and in different buildings on our campus. We also discuss significant practical issues that arise in implementing such a system. Our techniques are implemented purely in software and are easily deployable over a standard wireless LAN.

608 citations

01 Jun 2010
TL;DR: NTP version 4 (NTPv4), which is backwards compatible with NTP version 3 (N TPv3), described in RFC 1305, as well as previous versions of the protocol, are described.
Abstract: The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is widely used to synchronize computer clocks in the Internet. This document describes NTP version 4 (NTPv4), which is backwards compatible with NTP version 3 (NTPv3), described in RFC 1305, as well as previous versions of the protocol. NTPv4 includes a modified protocol header to accommodate the Internet Protocol version 6 address family. NTPv4 includes fundamental improvements in the mitigation and discipline algorithms that extend the potential accuracy to the tens of microseconds with modern workstations and fast LANs. It includes a dynamic server discovery scheme, so that in many cases, specific server configuration is not required. It corrects certain errors in the NTPv3 design and implementation and includes an optional extension mechanism. [STANDARDS-TRACK]

605 citations


"Location Fingerprinting With Blueto..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Before each experiment, each clock was manually synchronized using a Network Time Protocol (NTP) server [20]....

    [...]