Journal ArticleDOI
Location Fingerprinting With Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons
Ramsey Faragher,Robert Harle +1 more
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TLDR
This work provides a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a ~600 m2 testbed to position a consumer device, and investigates the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency.Abstract:
The complexity of indoor radio propagation has resulted in location-awareness being derived from empirical fingerprinting techniques, where positioning is performed via a previously-constructed radio map, usually of WiFi signals. The recent introduction of the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio protocol provides new opportunities for indoor location. It supports portable battery-powered beacons that can be easily distributed at low cost, giving it distinct advantages over WiFi. However, its differing use of the radio band brings new challenges too. In this work, we provide a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a $\sim\! 600\ \mbox{m}^2$ testbed to position a consumer device. We demonstrate the high susceptibility of BLE to fast fading, show how to mitigate this, and quantify the true power cost of continuous BLE scanning. We further investigate the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency. We also provide quantitative comparison with WiFi fingerprinting. Our results show advantages to the use of BLE beacons for positioning. For one-shot (push-to-fix) positioning we achieve $30\ \mbox{m}^2$ ), compared to $100\ \mbox{m}^2$ ) and < 8.5 m for an established WiFi network in the same area.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Decentralized adaptive indoor positioning protocol using Bluetooth Low Energy
Yik Him Ho,Henry C. B. Chan +1 more
TL;DR: This paper presents a decentralized BLE-based positioning protocol that does not require training before positioning estimation and is adaptive to environmental changes, and its implementation is simple and practical.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Evaluation of an Indoor Localization Solution Based on Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons
TL;DR: In this paper, a radio beacon indoor localization solution, based on signal map determined in advance, is evaluated and the results regarding the localization accuracy obtained in several scenarios are presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
An Analysis of Multiple Criteria and Setups for Bluetooth Smartphone-Based Indoor Localization Mechanism
Manuel Castillo-Cara,Jesús Lovón-Melgarejo,Gusseppe Bravo-Rocca,Luis Orozco-Barbosa,Ismael García-Varea +4 more
TL;DR: An in-depth experimental evaluation of the evaluation process using supervised learning algorithm in terms of the mean localization error, local prediction accuracy, and global prediction accuracy argues that, in order to fully assess the capabilities of supervised learning algorithms, it is necessary to include all the three metrics.
Journal ArticleDOI
An Overview on Position Location: Past, Present, Future
Seyed Reza Zekavat,R. Michael Buehrer,Gregory D. Durgin,Lisandro Lovisolo,Zhonghai Wang,Shu Ting Goh,Ahmad Ghasemi +6 more
TL;DR: A review of the history of localization, the main technological enablers of localization and assesses the future directions of localization methods is provided in this paper, where the authors provide an overview of the current state of the art.
Journal ArticleDOI
A review of smartphones-based indoor positioning: Challenges and applications
TL;DR: In this paper, a taxonomy of smartphones sensors is introduced, which serves as the basis to categorise different positioning systems for reviewing, and a set of criteria to be used for the evaluation purpose will be devised.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Survey of Wireless Indoor Positioning Techniques and Systems
TL;DR: Comprehensive performance comparisons including accuracy, precision, complexity, scalability, robustness, and cost are presented.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
The Horus WLAN location determination system
TL;DR: The Horus system identifies different causes for the wireless channel variations and addresses them and uses location-clustering techniques to reduce the computational requirements of the algorithm and the lightweight Horus algorithm helps in supporting a larger number of users by running the algorithm at the clients.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Survey of Indoor Inertial Positioning Systems for Pedestrians
TL;DR: It is concluded that PDR techniques alone can offer good short- to medium- term tracking under certain circumstances, but that regular absolute position fixes from partner systems will be needed to ensure long-term operation and to cope with unexpected behaviours.
Enhancements to the RADAR User Location and Tracking System
TL;DR: This paper analyzes shortcomings of the basic system, develops and evaluates solutions to address these shortcomings, and describes several new enhancements, including a novel access point-based environmental profiling scheme, and a Viterbi-like algorithm for continuous user tracking and disambiguation of candidate user locations.
Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms Specification
TL;DR: NTP version 4 (NTPv4), which is backwards compatible with NTP version 3 (N TPv3), described in RFC 1305, as well as previous versions of the protocol, are described.
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