Journal ArticleDOI
Location Fingerprinting With Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons
Ramsey Faragher,Robert Harle +1 more
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TLDR
This work provides a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a ~600 m2 testbed to position a consumer device, and investigates the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency.Abstract:
The complexity of indoor radio propagation has resulted in location-awareness being derived from empirical fingerprinting techniques, where positioning is performed via a previously-constructed radio map, usually of WiFi signals. The recent introduction of the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio protocol provides new opportunities for indoor location. It supports portable battery-powered beacons that can be easily distributed at low cost, giving it distinct advantages over WiFi. However, its differing use of the radio band brings new challenges too. In this work, we provide a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a $\sim\! 600\ \mbox{m}^2$ testbed to position a consumer device. We demonstrate the high susceptibility of BLE to fast fading, show how to mitigate this, and quantify the true power cost of continuous BLE scanning. We further investigate the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency. We also provide quantitative comparison with WiFi fingerprinting. Our results show advantages to the use of BLE beacons for positioning. For one-shot (push-to-fix) positioning we achieve $30\ \mbox{m}^2$ ), compared to $100\ \mbox{m}^2$ ) and < 8.5 m for an established WiFi network in the same area.read more
Citations
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
Using iBeacon to detect user behavior from indoor physical movement
TL;DR: This work has developed an iBeacon-based mobile app to capture user's indoor physical movement and collect their temporal feedback for comparison and evaluated the prediction method by comparing the spatial behavioral data against user explicit responses and had achieved an appreciable precision.
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Pedestrian Positioning Using a Double-Stacked Particle Filter in Indoor Wireless Networks.
TL;DR: A pedestrian localization scheme performed on a mobile phone that leverages the RSS fingerprint-based method, dead reckoning (DR), and improved PF called a double-stacked particle filter (DSPF) in indoor environments is introduced.
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A Review of Hybrid Indoor Positioning Systems Employing WLAN Fingerprinting and Image Processing
TL;DR: This paper explores studies that have combined WLAN fingerprinting and image processing to build an IPS and a new concept is proposed at the end for the future development of indoor positioning models based on WLAN fingerprints and supported by imageprocessing to solve the effect of people presence around users and the user orientation problem.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Evaluating a Novel Bluetooth 5.1 AoA Approach for Low-Cost Indoor Vehicle Tracking via Simulation
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an approach where mobile receivers are equipped with antenna arrays, and the fixed infrastructure is composed of battery-powered beacons and evaluate the solution using a real-world data set of Angle-of-Arrival (AoA) measurements.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Improve Indoor Positioning Accuracy Using Filtered RSSI and Beacon Weight Approach in iBeacon Network
TL;DR: This paper proposes an Filtered RSSI and Beacon Weight Approach (FRBW) based on improved Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) values using a Kalman filter that has better positioning accuracy and minimum location error, and can be applied in IoT applications in smart city.
References
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
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A Survey of Indoor Inertial Positioning Systems for Pedestrians
TL;DR: It is concluded that PDR techniques alone can offer good short- to medium- term tracking under certain circumstances, but that regular absolute position fixes from partner systems will be needed to ensure long-term operation and to cope with unexpected behaviours.
Enhancements to the RADAR User Location and Tracking System
TL;DR: This paper analyzes shortcomings of the basic system, develops and evaluates solutions to address these shortcomings, and describes several new enhancements, including a novel access point-based environmental profiling scheme, and a Viterbi-like algorithm for continuous user tracking and disambiguation of candidate user locations.
Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms Specification
TL;DR: NTP version 4 (NTPv4), which is backwards compatible with NTP version 3 (N TPv3), described in RFC 1305, as well as previous versions of the protocol, are described.
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