Long-term Air Pollution Exposure Is Associated with Neuroinflammation, an Altered Innate Immune Response, Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier, Ultrafine Particulate Deposition, and Accumulation of Amyloid β-42 and α-Synuclein in Children and Young Adults:
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Cites background from "Long-term Air Pollution Exposure Is..."
...Ultrafine particulates, nanomaterials, and ozone may either directly disrupt the blood-brain barrier or result in circulating factors that may influence neuronal function in humans and mice (95,101,126,127)....
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581 citations
Cites background or result from "Long-term Air Pollution Exposure Is..."
...Animal models have shown that inhaled or nasally instilled particles translocate into the brain in rodents (Oberdorster et al., 2004) and very recently PM was also identified in the human brain (Calderon-Garciduenas et al., 2008b)....
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...These findings were recently confirmed in further animal studies and also in humans (CalderonGarciduenas et al., 2008a; Calderon-Garciduenas et al., 2008b)....
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...Calderón-Garciduenas et al. (2008c) detected significantly lower levels of sICAM-1 and s-VCAM-1 in children living in Mexico City compared to children living in a less polluted control area....
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...Children from Mexico City, a highly polluted area, also showed no difference in vWF concentrations compared to control children from a cleaner city (Calderon-Garciduenas et al., 2008c)....
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References
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"Long-term Air Pollution Exposure Is..." refers background in this paper
...Chronic inflammatory processes in the CNS play an important role in the progressive neuronal death seen in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s (Akiyama et al. 2000; McGeer et al., 2006; Selkoe 2001, 2002)....
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...Both Aβ42 and α-synuclein are proteins capable of aggregation and misfolding, leading to progressive neurodegeneration that develops insidiously over the lifetime of the individual (Jellinger 2003; McGeer et al. 2006; Nguyen et al. 2002; Selkoe 2001, 2002)....
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...Highly exposed subjects also exhibited a significant neuronal and astrocytic accumulation of the 42 amino acid-isoform (Aβ42) of β amyloid, which is more hydrophobic and prone to aggregation than other Aβ isoforms (Selkoe 2001, 2002)....
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4,319 citations
"Long-term Air Pollution Exposure Is..." refers background in this paper
..., Tlaxcala); (2) dog necropsies from these cities have shown minimal pathology in lungs and hearts (Calderón-Garcidueñas et al....
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...Exposure to air pollution should be considered a risk factor for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, and carriers of the APOE 4 allele could have a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease if they reside in a polluted environment....
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...Long-term exposure to air pollution should be considered a risk factor for both Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, and APOE ε 4 allele carriers could have a higher risk of developing AD if they reside in a polluted environment....
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...Rupture of the vascular basement membrane and leakage of prothrombin are described in the prefrontal cortex of Alzheimer’s patients (Zipser et al. 2007)....
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...Author to whom requests for reprints should be addressed: William Reed, PhD, Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma & Lung Biology CB#7310, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; e-mail: william_reed@med.unc.edu Abbreviations: Aβ42, beta amyloid; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; APO E, apolipoprotein E; APP, amyloid precursor protein; BBB, blood-brain barrier; COX2, cyclooxygenase 2; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; HLA-DR, human leukocyte antigen-DR; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IHC, immunohistochemistry; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MC, Mexico City; MTBE, methyl-ter-butyl ether; NFκB, transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-B; NSE, neuron specific enolase; O3, ozone; OB, olfactory bulb; PD, Parkinson’s disease; PM, particulate matter; PNS, peripheral nervous system; PT, prothrombin; RBC, red blood cells; SNC, substantia nigrae pars compacta; TLR, toll-like receptor; UFPM, ultrafine PM; VCAM-1, vascular adhesion molecule-1; ZO-1, zonula occludens-1....
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4,010 citations
"Long-term Air Pollution Exposure Is..." refers background in this paper
...Exposure to air pollution is associated with respiratory, cardiovascular, and stroke-related sickness and death (Banauch et al. 2006; Brunekreef and Holgate 2002)....
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3,941 citations
"Long-term Air Pollution Exposure Is..." refers background in this paper
...Chronic inflammatory processes in the CNS play an important role in the progressive neuronal death seen in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s (Akiyama et al. 2000; McGeer et al., 2006; Selkoe 2001, 2002)....
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...Both Aβ42 and α-synuclein are proteins capable of aggregation and misfolding, leading to progressive neurodegeneration that develops insidiously over the lifetime of the individual (Jellinger 2003; McGeer et al. 2006; Nguyen et al. 2002; Selkoe 2001, 2002)....
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...Highly exposed subjects also exhibited a significant neuronal and astrocytic accumulation of the 42 amino acid-isoform (Aβ42) of β amyloid, which is more hydrophobic and prone to aggregation than other Aβ isoforms (Selkoe 2001, 2002)....
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3,728 citations
"Long-term Air Pollution Exposure Is..." refers background in this paper
...NFκB activation depends on varied stimuli such as cytokines, LPS, and DNA damage (Pahl 1999); activation is tightly regulated and quickly shortened through feedback inhibition following the initial activating stimulus (Xiao et al. 2006)....
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