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Journal ArticleDOI

Longitudinal environmental justice analysis: Co-evolution of environmental quality and deprivation in England, 1960–2007

01 Jan 2012-Geoforum (Pergamon)-Vol. 43, Iss: 1, pp 44-57
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe contemporaneous changes in environmental quality and social deprivation in English local authority districts over four decades, using secondary source GIS modelled data on environmentally intrusive development.
About: This article is published in Geoforum.The article was published on 2012-01-01. It has received 36 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Environmental justice & Social deprivation.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Philippa Roddis1, Stephen Carver1, Martin Dallimer1, Paul Norman1, Guy Ziv1 
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of community acceptance on planning applications for onshore wind and solar farms in Great Britain between 1990 and 2017 was analyzed by compiling a set of indicators for community acceptance and testing their association with planning outcomes using binomial logistic regression.

95 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The unique nature of Native American EJ in terms of conducting research and working toward reducing the continuation of historical trauma associated with environmental ills, the types of strategies used and remaining knowledge gaps and future research needs are discussed.
Abstract: While the last two decades have seen important theoretical, empirical, and policy advancements in environmental justice generally, much remains to be done regarding Native Americans. Unique political and cultural dynamics shape the study and pursuit of environmental justice (EJ) in Native American communities. This review summarizes Native American EJ issues based on a cross-disciplinary search of more than 60 publications. In so doing, we discuss the unique nature of Native American EJ in terms of conducting research and working toward reducing the continuation of historical trauma associated with environmental ills, the types of strategies used in Native American EJ research, and issues of Native American climate justice. We conclude with discussion of remaining knowledge gaps and future research needs.

76 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Feb 2016-Geoforum
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a method to assess differential exposure to excessive pollution levels by socio-demographic groups in intra-urban spaces based on GIS and quantitative spatial analysis techniques.

57 citations


Cites background from "Longitudinal environmental justice ..."

  • ...McLeod et al. (2000) reported a positive relationship between minority ethnic groups and pollution in England and Wales....

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  • ...Some examples can be found elsewhere: in England (Mitchell and Norman, 2012; Wheeler, 2004), France (Lavaine, 2010), and New Zealand (Pearce and Kingham, 2008)....

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  • ...Other researchers have developed synthetic measures that can be applied in the study of EJ, such as social deprivation or socioeconomic status indexes (e.g. Havard et al., 2009, 2011; Mitchell and Norman, 2012; Pearce et al., 2011; Wheeler, 2004)....

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  • ...Brainard et al. (2002) studied the estimated CO and NO2 emissions in Birmingham, England and the exposure of some disadvantaged populations to this pollutant based on their age, ethnicity and poverty indicators....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present unique spatial analyses identifying substantial discrepancies in traffic-related emissions generation and exposure by socioeconomic and demographic groups, and demonstrate a stronger relationship between age, poverty, road NOx emissions and exposure to NO2 concentrations.
Abstract: © 2019 The Authors This paper presents unique spatial analyses identifying substantial discrepancies in traffic-related emissions generation and exposure by socioeconomic and demographic groups. It demonstrates a compelling environmental and social injustice narrative with strong policy implications for the UK and beyond. In the first instance, this research presents a decadal update for England and Wales to Mitchell and Dorling's 2003 analysis of environmental justice in the UK. Using 2011 UK Government pollution and emissions data with 2011 UK Census socioeconomic and demographic data based on small area census geographies, this paper demonstrates a stronger relationship between age, poverty, road NOx emissions and exposure to NO2 concentrations. Areas with the highest proportions of under-fives and young adults, and poorer households, have the highest concentrations of traffic-related pollution. In addition, exclusive access to UK annual vehicle safety inspection records (‘MOT’ tests) allowed annual private vehicle NOx emissions to be spatially attributed to registered keepers. Areal analysis against Census-based socioeconomic characteristics identified that households in the poorest areas emit the least NOx and PM, whilst the least poor areas emitted the highest, per km, vehicle emissions per household through having higher vehicle ownership, owning more diesel vehicles and driving further. In conclusion, the analysis indicates that, despite more than a decade of air quality policy, environmental injustice of air pollution exposure has worsened. New evidence regarding the responsibility for generation of road traffic emissions provides a clear focus for policy development and targeted implementation.

53 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Age-standardized CVD mortality declined in the majority of wards, but increased in 186 wards for women aged ≥65 years, and the decline was larger where starting mortality had been higher.
Abstract: Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality has more than halved in England since the 1980s, but there are few data on small-area trends. We estimated CVD mortality by ward in 5-year intervals between 1982 and 2006, and examined trends in relation to starting mortality, region and community deprivation. Methods We analysed CVD death rates using a Bayesian spatial technique for all 7932 English electoral wards in consecutive 5-year intervals between 1982 and 2006, separately for men and women aged 30–64 years and ≥65 years. Results Age-standardized CVD mortality declined in the majority of wards, but increased in 186 wards for women aged ≥65 years. The decline was larger where starting mortality had been higher. When grouped by deprivation quintile, absolute inequality between most- and least-deprived wards narrowed over time in those aged 30–64 years, but increased in older adults; relative inequalities worsened in all four age–sex groups. Wards with high CVD mortality in 2002–06 fell into two groups: those in and around large metropolitan cities in northern England that started with high mortality in 1982–86 and could not ‘catch up’, despite impressive declines, and those that started with average or low mortality in the 1980s but ‘fell behind’ because of small mortality reductions. Conclusions Improving population health and reducing health inequalities should be treated as related policy and measurement goals. Ongoing analysis of mortality by small area is essential to monitor local effects on health and health inequalities of the public health and healthcare systems.

48 citations

References
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Book
26 Nov 1987
TL;DR: The authors present nuevas evidencias de las desigualdades en salud encontradas entre poblaciones o comunidades in diferentes areas del norte de Inglaterra and relata las tendencias a largo plazo that tienen lugar in los patrones de salud de InGLaterra.
Abstract: * El libro se ha traducido por el Instituto Nacional de Higiene, Epidemiologia y Microbiologia, y sus 10 capitulos se publicaran proximamente en esta Revista. Publicado por la Editorial Routledge, Londres y Nueva York, 1989, 211 paginas. En ingles. El libro presenta nuevas evidencias de las desigualdades en salud encontradas entre poblaciones o comunidades en diferentes areas del norte de Inglaterra y relata las tendencias a largo plazo que tienen lugar en los patrones de salud de Inglaterra, explora hasta donde las desigualdades en los niveles de salud pueden ser explicadas por la carencia material.

1,462 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that although racism is rarely explicitly discussed, a normative conceptualization of racism informs the research and that this prevailing conception overly narrow and restrictive, it also denies the spatiality of racism.
Abstract: Geographic studies of environmental racism have focused on the spatial relationships between environmental hazards and community demographics in order to determine if inequity exists. Conspicuously absent within this literature, however, is any substantive discussion of racism. This paper seeks to address this shortcoming in two ways. I first investigate how racism is understood and expressed in the literature. I argue that although racism is rarely explicitly discussed, a normative conceptualization of racism informs the research. Not only is this prevailing conception overly narrow and restrictive, it also denies the spatiality of racism. Consequently, my second goal is to demonstrate how various forms of racism contribute to environmental racism. In addition to conventional understandings of racism, I emphasize white privilege, a highly structural and spatial form of racism. Using Los Angeles as a case study, I examine how whites have secured relatively cleaner environments by moving away from older in...

1,159 citations

01 Jan 2007
Abstract: The Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007 (IMD 2007) is a measure of multiple deprivation at the small area level. The model of multiple deprivation which underpins the IMD 2007 is the same as that which underpinned its predecessor – the IMD 2004 (Noble et al., 2004) and is based on the idea of distinct dimensions of deprivation which can be recognised and measured separately. These are experienced by individuals living in an area. People may be counted as deprived in one or more of the domains, depending on the number of types of deprivation that they experience. The overall IMD is conceptualised as a weighted area level aggregation of these specifi c dimensions of deprivation. This chapter, which draws from the ID 2004 Report, elaborates on the model of multiple deprivation that has been used and addresses issues relating to it.

1,081 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight material deprivation as the crucial factor in explaining inequalities in health in the UK and highlight the importance of material deprivation in health inequalities in communities in the north of England.
Abstract: Using new evidence drawn from studies of communities in the north of England, this work highlights material deprivation as the crucial factor in explaining inequalities in health.

922 citations