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Journal Article•DOI•

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol versus particle number in middle school children.

Michele Mietus-Snyder1, Kimberly L. Drews1, James D. Otvos, Steven M. Willi2, Gary D. Foster3, Russel Jago4, John B. Buse5 •
George Washington University1, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia2, Temple University3, University of Bristol4, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill5
01 Aug 2013-The Journal of Pediatrics (Elsevier)-Vol. 163, Iss: 2, pp 355-362
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors characterize lipids and lipoproteins in a diverse school-based cohort and identify features associated with discordance between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LD-C) and LDL particle (LDL-P).
About: This article is published in The Journal of Pediatrics.The article was published on 2013-08-01 and is currently open access. It has received 23 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Low-density lipoprotein particle & Very-low-density lipoprotein particle.

Summary (1 min read)

Jump to: [Introduction] and [Central Biochemistry Laboratory]

Introduction

  • Study design—Sixth grade children enrolled in the HEALTHY trial (n=2,384; mean age 11.3 ± 0.6 yr; 54.2% female) were evaluated for standard lipids, lipoprotein particles measured by nuclear magnetic resonance, and homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).
  • Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 August 01.
  • Numerous cardiometabolic risk factors showed a shift toward a higher risk profile, with a mean BMI percentile of 72.9 ± 28.0%, mean waist circumference (WC) above the 75th percentile and mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures which approximated the 60th percentile for 11 year olds, as defined by NHANES III.
  • 9 LDL-C exceeded LDL-P by >20 percentile units in 428 (18.0%) participants, identifying a group of children with relatively cholesterol-rich lipoprotein particles.

Central Biochemistry Laboratory

  • University of Washington Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories: S.M. Marcovina*.
  • Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 August 01.
  • Amount of agreement/disagreement between LDL-P and LDL-C as differences in the sample percentiles for each and the percent of the sample that falls into each range of differences.

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Citations
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Journal Article•DOI•
Trends in Levels of Lipids and Apolipoprotein B in US Youths Aged 6 to 19 Years, 1999-2016

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Amanda M. Perak1, Hongyan Ning1, Brian Kit2, Sarah D. de Ferranti3, Linda Van Horn1, John T. Wilkins1, Donald M. Lloyd-Jones1 •
Northwestern University1, National Institutes of Health2, Boston Children's Hospital3
21 May 2019-JAMA
TL;DR: Trends in levels of lipids and apolipoprotein B in US youths during 18 years from 1999 through 2016 were analyzed using multivariable regression models with regression coefficients reported as change per 1 year.
Abstract: Importance Favorable trends occurred in the lipid levels of US youths through 2010, but these trends may be altered by ongoing changes in the food supply, obesity prevalence, and other factors. Objective To analyze trends in levels of lipids and apolipoprotein B in US youths during 18 years from 1999 through 2016. Design, Setting, and Participants Serial cross-sectional analysis of US population–weighted data for youths aged 6 to 19 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys for 1999 through 2016. Linear temporal trends were analyzed using multivariable regression models with regression coefficients (β) reported as change per 1 year. Exposures Survey year; examined periods spanned 10 to 18 years based on data availability. Main Outcomes and Measures Age- and race/ethnicity-adjusted mean levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), non-HDL, and total cholesterol. Among fasting adolescents (aged 12-19 years), mean levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, geometric mean levels of triglycerides, and mean levels of apolipoprotein B. Prevalence of ideal and adverse (vs borderline) levels of lipids and apolipoprotein B per pediatric lipid guidelines. Results In total, 26 047 youths were included (weighted mean age, 12.4 years; female, 51%). Among all youths, the adjusted mean total cholesterol level declined from 164 mg/dL (95% CI, 161 to 167 mg/dL) in 1999-2000 to 155 mg/dL (95% CI, 154 to 157 mg/dL) in 2015-2016 (β for linear trend, −0.6 mg/dL [95% CI, −0.7 to −0.4 mg/dL] per year). Adjusted mean HDL cholesterol level increased from 52.5 mg/dL (95% CI, 51.7 to 53.3 mg/dL) in 2007-2008 to 55.0 mg/dL (95% CI, 53.8 to 56.3 mg/dL) in 2015-2016 (β, 0.2 mg/dL [95% CI, 0.1 to 0.4 mg/dL] per year) and non-HDL cholesterol decreased from 108 mg/dL (95% CI, 106 to 110 mg/dL) to 100 mg/dL (95% CI, 99 to 102 mg/dL) during the same years (β, −0.9 mg/dL [95% CI, −1.2 to −0.6 mg/dL] per year). Among fasting adolescents, geometric mean levels of triglycerides declined from 78 mg/dL (95% CI, 74 to 82 mg/dL) in 1999-2000 to 63 mg/dL (95% CI, 58 to 68 mg/dL) in 2013-2014 (log-transformed β, −0.015 [95% CI, −0.020 to −0.010] per year), mean levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol declined from 92 mg/dL (95% CI, 89 to 95 mg/dL) to 86 mg/dL (95% CI, 83 to 90 mg/dL) during the same years (β, −0.4 mg/dL [95% CI, −0.7 to −0.2 mg/dL] per year), and mean levels of apolipoprotein B declined from 70 mg/dL (95% CI, 68 to 72 mg/dL) in 2005-2006 to 67 mg/dL (95% CI, 65 to 70 mg/dL) in 2013-2014 (β, −0.4 mg/dL [95% CI, −0.7 to −0.04 mg/dL] per year). Favorable trends were generally also observed in the prevalence of ideal and adverse levels. By the end of the study period, 51.4% (95% CI, 48.5% to 54.2%) of all youths had ideal levels for HDL, non-HDL, and total cholesterol; among adolescents, 46.8% (95% CI, 40.9% to 52.6%) had ideal levels for all lipids and apolipoprotein B, whereas 15.2% (95% CI, 13.1% to 17.3%) of children aged 6 to 11 years and 25.2% (95% CI, 22.2% to 28.2%) of adolescents aged 12 to 19 years had at least 1 adverse level. Conclusions and Relevance Between 1999 and 2016, favorable trends were observed in levels of lipids and apolipoprotein B in US youths aged 6 to 19 years.

55 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Combined dyslipidemia in childhood.

[...]

Rae-Ellen W. Kavey1•
University of Rochester Medical Center1
01 Sep 2015-Journal of Clinical Lipidology
TL;DR: Weight loss, changes in dietary composition, and increases in physical activity have all been shown to improve CD significantly in children and adolescents in short-term studies, and even small amounts of weight loss are associated with significant decreases in triglyceride levels and rises in HDL-C levels with improvement in lipid subpopulations.

46 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
A double-blind randomized trial of fish oil to lower triglycerides and improve cardiometabolic risk in adolescents.

[...]

Samuel S. Gidding1, Samuel S. Gidding2, Carol Prospero2, Jobayer Hossain2, Frances Zappalla1, Frances Zappalla2, Prabhakaran Balagopal3, Prabhakaran Balagopal4, Bonita Falkner1, Peter O. Kwiterovich5 •
Thomas Jefferson University1, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children2, Wilmington University3, Mayo Clinic4, Johns Hopkins University5
01 Sep 2014-The Journal of Pediatrics
TL;DR: In children, fish oil (4 g/day) lowers triglycerides slightly and may have an antithrombotic effect but has no effect on LDL particles.

42 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Lipoprotein particle number and size predict vascular structure and function better than traditional lipids in adolescents and young adults

[...]

Elaine M. Urbina1, Connie E McCoy1, Zhiqian Gao1, Philip R. Khoury1, Amy S. Shah1, Lawrence M. Dolan1, Thomas R. Kimball1 •
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center1
01 Jul 2017-Journal of Clinical Lipidology
TL;DR: Lipoprotein particle number and size are more strongly related to vascular structure and function than traditional lipid values, and NMR lipid measures may be a better indicator of risk for target organ damage thantraditional lipid measures in adolescents and young adults.

30 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Effects of green tea on lipid metabolism in overweight or obese people: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

[...]

Fen Yuan1, Hui Dong1, Ke Fang1, Jing Gong1, Fuer Lu1 •
Huazhong University of Science and Technology1
01 Jan 2018-Molecular Nutrition & Food Research
TL;DR: The meta-analysis shows that drinking green tea can lower plasma TC and LDL levels significantly, and green tea's effect on plasma TG and HDL must be further evaluated by additional high-quality and large-scale RCTs.
Abstract: cope : The effects of green tea on lipid metabolism were inconsistent. The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of green tea on lipid metabolism in overweight or obese people. Methods and results : We searched randomized controlled trials(RCTs) comparing green tea with a control on lipid metabolism on PUBMED and WEB OF SCIENCE (January 1990 to September 2016), COCHRANE and EMBASE (updated to October 2016), and the Chinese databases CNKI, WanFang and CBMD. Twenty-one articles studying 1704 overweight or obese subjects were selected for this meta-analysis. The pooled results demonstrated that green tea significantly decreased plasma total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels in overweight or obese people. The weighted mean difference was -3.38 mg/dl for TC (95% CI: -6.42, −0.33 mg/dl) and −5.29 mg/dl for LDL (95% CI: −7.92, −2.6 6 mg/dl), respectively. Green tea intake, however, showed no effect on plasma triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL) levels in overweight or obese people with a relatively high heterogeneity. Conclusions : The meta-analysis shows that drinking green tea can lower plasma TC and LDL levels significantly. Nevertheless, green tea's effect on plasma TG and HDL must be further evaluated by additional high-quality and large-scale RCTs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

25 citations

References
More filters
Journal Article•DOI•
A self-report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity, and initial norms.

[...]

Anne C. Petersen1, Lisa J. Crockett2, Maryse Richards3, Andrew M. Boxer4•
Pennsylvania State University1, Johns Hopkins University2, Loyola University New Orleans3, University of Chicago4
01 Apr 1988-Journal of Youth and Adolescence
TL;DR: In this paper, a self-reported measure of pubertal status was used to assess the transition from childhood to adolescence in a longitudinal study of 335 young adolescent boys and girls.
Abstract: Puberty is a central process in the complex set of changes that constitutes the transition from childhood to adolescence. Research on the role of pubertal change in this transition has been impeded by the difficulty of assessing puberty in ways acceptable to young adolescents and others involved. Addressing this problem, this paper describes and presents norms for a selfreport measure of pubertal status. The measure was used twice annually over a period of three years in a longitudinal study of 335 young adolescent boys and girls. Data on a longitudinal subsample of 253 subjects are reported. The scale shows good reliability, as indicated by coefficient alpha. In addition, several sources of data suggest that these reports are valid. The availability of such a measure is important for studies, such as those based in schools, in which more direct measures of puberty may not be possible.

2,602 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report.

[...]

Adolescents
14 Nov 2011-Pediatrics

1,757 citations

Book•
Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomization Trials in Health Research

[...]

Allan Donner, Neil Klar
05 Oct 2000
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of cluster randomization on the design and analysis of a trial is discussed, and the most commonly used experimental designs are the completely randomized design, the matched-pair design and the stratified design.
Abstract: Acknowledgements. Preface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Why randomize clusters? 1.2 What is the impact of cluster randomization on the design and analysis of a trial? 1.3 Quantifying the effect of clustering. 1.4 Randomized versus non-randomized comparisons. 1.5 The unit of inference. 1.6 Terminology: what's in a name? 2. The historical development of cluster randomized trials. 2.1 Randomized trials before 1950. 2.2 Cluster randomized trials between 1950 and 1978. 2.3 Cluster randomized trails since 1978. 3. Issues arising in the planning of cluster randomization trials. 3.1 Selecting interventions. 3.2 Setting eligibility criteria. 3.3 Measuring subject response. 3.4 The most commonly used experimental designs. 3.5 Factorial and crossover designs. 3.6 Selecting an experimental design. 3.7 The importance of cluster-level replication. 3.8 Strategies for conducting successful trials. 4. The role of informed consent and other ethical issues. 4.1 The risk of harm. 4.2 Informed consent. 4.3 Subject blindness and informed consent. 4.4 Randomized consent designs. 4.5 Ethical issues and trial monitoring. 5. Sample size estimation for cluster randomization designs. 5.1 General issues of sample size estimation. 5.2 The completely randomized design. 5.3 The matched-pair design. 5.4 The stratified design. 5.5 Issues involving losses to follow-up. 5.6 Strategies for achieving desired power. 6. Analysis of binary outcomes. 6.1 Selecting the unit of analysis. 6.2 The completely randomized design. 6.3 The matched-pair design. 6.4 The stratified design. 7. Analysis of quantitative outcomes. 7.1 The completely randomized design. 7.2 The matched-pair design. 7.3 The stratified design. 8. Analysis of count, time to event and categorical outcomes. 8.1 Count and time to event data. 8.2 Categorical data. 9. Reporting of cluster randomization trials. 9.1 Reporting of study design. 9.2 Reporting of study results. References. Index.

1,613 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Waist circumference percentiles in nationally representative samples of African-American, European-American, and Mexican-American children and adolescents.

[...]

Jose R. Fernandez1, David T. Redden, Angelo Pietrobelli, David B. Allison•
University of Alabama at Birmingham1
01 Oct 2004-The Journal of Pediatrics
TL;DR: Age-, sex-, and ethnicity-specific WC percentiles are available for US children and adolescents and can be used as an assessment tool that could impact public health recommendations and suggest concern with respect to high WC values among certain ethnic groups.

1,350 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Subendothelial Lipoprotein Retention as the Initiating Process in Atherosclerosis: Update and Therapeutic Implications

[...]

Ira Tabas1, Kevin Jon Williams, Jan Borén•
Columbia University Medical Center1
16 Oct 2007-Circulation
TL;DR: The finding that certain human populations of individuals who maintain lifelong low plasma levels of apolipoprotein B lipoproteins have an ≈90% decreased risk of coronary artery disease gives hope that further understanding of the pathogenesis of this leading killer could lead to its eradication.
Abstract: The key initiating process in atherogenesis is the subendothelial retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Local biological responses to these retained lipoproteins, including a chronic and maladaptive macrophage- and T-cell-dominated inflammatory response, promote subsequent lesion development. The most effective therapy against atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease to date—low density lipoprotein-lowering drugs—is based on the principle that decreasing circulating apolipoprotein B lipoproteins decreases the probability that they will enter and be retained in the subendothelium. Ongoing improvements in this area include more aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein and other atherogenic lipoproteins in the plasma and initiation of low-density lipoprotein-lowering therapy at an earlier age in at-risk individuals. Potential future therapeutic approaches include attempts to block the interaction of apolipoprotein B lipoproteins with the specific subendothelial matrix molecules that mediate retention and to interfere with accessory molecules within the arterial wall that promote retention such as lipoprotein lipase, secretory sphingomyelinase, and secretory phospholipase A2. Although not the primary focus of this review, therapeutic strategies that target the proatherogenic responses to retained lipoproteins and that promote the removal of atherogenic components of retained lipoproteins also hold promise. The finding that certain human populations of individuals who maintain lifelong low plasma levels of apolipoprotein B lipoproteins have an 90% decreased risk of coronary artery disease gives hope that our further understanding of the pathogenesis of this leading killer could lead to its eradication. (Circulation. 2007;116:1832-1844.)

1,222 citations

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Frequently Asked Questions (1)
Q1. What are the contributions mentioned in the paper "Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol versus particle number in middle school children" ?

Michele Mietus-Snyder, MD, George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Children ’ s National Medical Center Kimberly L. Drews, PhD, The George Washington University Biostatistics Center James D. Otvos, PhD, LipoScience, Inc. Steven M. Willi, MD, Children ’ s Hospital of Philadelphia Gary D. Foster, Ph. D., Center for Obesity Research and Education, Temple University Russell Jago, PhD, and Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol John B. Buse, MD PhD * on behalf of the HEALTHY Study Group University of North Carolina School of Medicine