Journal Article•
Low Latency Routing Algorithm for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Ad-Hoc Networks
TL;DR: A new routing protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that equipped with directional antenna that is based on the well known protocol called Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) and developed a heuristic that allows DOLSR protocol to minimize the number of the multipoint relays.
Abstract: In this paper, we proposed a new routing protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that equipped with directional antenna. We named this protocol Directional Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (DOLSR). This protocol is based on the well known protocol that is called Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR). We focused in our protocol on the multipoint relay (MPR) concept which is the most important feature of this protocol. We developed a heuristic that allows DOLSR protocol to minimize the number of the multipoint relays. With this new protocol the number of overhead packets will be reduced and the End-to-End delay of the network will also be minimized. We showed through simulation that our protocol outperformed Optimized Link State Routing Protocol, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol and Ad- Hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in reducing the End-to-End delay and enhancing the overall throughput. Our evaluation of the previous protocols was based on the OPNET network simulation tool.
Citations
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01 Oct 2017
TL;DR: A new routing algorithm is presented with a focus on improving the packet delivery ratio and throughput therefore reducing the end to end delay and network overhead and according to the simulation results, the proposed method has proved more efficient.
Abstract: One of the most widely used applications of wireless networks is in unmanned aeronautical ad-hoc networks. In these networks, the flying nodes in the mission must send their information to the ground base. If a UAV is outside the coverage of the ground base, it loses its connection. The solution is to send the information to the neighboring nodes. These neighboring nodes redirect the information to the ground base. Due to high node dynamics and rapid changes in network topology, one of the biggest concerns in these networks is routing between nodes. Previous routing methods, although making improvement in the overall performance in these networks led to routing overhead and network delay. In the present study a new routing method is introduced. In this new method a routing algorithm is presented with a focus on improving the packet delivery ratio and throughput therefore reducing the end to end delay and network overhead. In the proposed method instead of using only one route between nodes, all discovered routes in the network are kept in the nodes routing table. Then the best route is used as the first proposed route between the source and destination nodes and after failing this route, the second route is utilized immediately. This decreases the broadcasting of route discovery packets through the network. According the simulation results, the proposed method has proved more efficient. There has been an increase in packet delivery ratio by 4% in average, in end to end delay approximately by 30% and in the throughput ratio of the network by 9% in comparison with other methods in different scenarios.
2 citations
Cites methods from "Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..."
...In [9], a new routing algorithm is proposed using the directional antenna called DOLSR3 for UAANET....
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TL;DR: In this article , the authors proposed an energy-aware relay positioning (EREP) algorithm for positioning a rotary-wing UAV taking into account the energy spent for the UAV propulsion.
Abstract: The ability to move and hover has made rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) suitable platforms to act as flying communications relays (FCRs), aiming at providing on-demand, temporary wireless connectivity when there is no network infrastructure available or a need to reinforce the capacity of existing networks. However, since UAVs rely on their on-board batteries, which can be drained quickly, they typically need to land frequently for recharging or replacing them, limiting their endurance and the flying network availability. The problem is exacerbated when a single FCR UAV is used. The FCR UAV energy is used for two main tasks: Communications and propulsion. The literature has been focused on optimizing both the flying network performance and energy efficiency from the communications point of view, overlooking the energy spent for the UAV propulsion. Yet, the energy spent for communications is typically negligible when compared with the energy spent for the UAV propulsion. In this article, we propose energy-aware relay positioning (EREP), an algorithm for positioning the FCR taking into account the energy spent for the UAV propulsion. Building upon the conclusion that hovering is not the most energy-efficient state, EREP defines the trajectory and speed that minimize the energy spent by the FCR UAV on propulsion, without compromising in practice the quality of service offered by the flying network. The EREP algorithm is evaluated using simulations. The obtained results show gains up to 26% in the FCR UAV endurance for negligible throughput and delay degradation.
2 citations
01 Nov 2018
TL;DR: This paper presents a comparison between the different dynamic routing protocols to attain the high quality of service using the NS3 simulator and suggests a useful role to improve the performance of these networks.
Abstract: Among the technological advances, the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) saw an evolution in this last decade, their employment in civil applications, such as firefighting, disaster management, environmental monitoring and policing, is increased recently. The UAVs are connected with Ad- hoc modes like Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) and Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), this is another innovation in the wireless network where requirements change largely from long-established networking systems. Furthermore, the cooperative work is required in both civil and military applications to accomplish intensive missions. Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANETs) have been developed using techniques that assist the transmission of information in real-time. The high mobility and quick topology change in UAV networks caused the difficulty for specialists to insert routing in FANETs. Routing protocols have a useful role to improve the performance of these networks. This paper presents a comparison between the different dynamic routing protocols to attain the high quality of service using the NS3 simulator.
2 citations
Cites methods from "Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..."
...To use this kind of routing protocol, it is necessary that each UAV in the network has a general idea about all the neighboring UAVs, that belongs to this network, but with small changes [24]....
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TL;DR: It was found that the use of directional aerials at the transmitting and receiving sides of the wireless environment in the presence of considerable shadowing and scattering structures makes it possible to significantly improve noise immunity.
Abstract: Two-point communication model of the wireless environment with one-beam and multi-beam propagation of radio waves were developed. The specified models make it possible to create various particular two-point communication models of wireless environment, taking into account the assigned geometry of location of shadowing and scattering structures in the environment. The practical use of the proposed models is limited to arbitrary points of radiation and reception in the environment, taking into account location of directional aerials in them. To study known multipoint technologies under conditions of emergency situations, we developed the multipoint communication models with one-beam and multibeam propagation of radio waves from each radiation point to each reception point, predetermined by the presence of shadowing and scattering structures in the environment. The developed multipoint models make it possible to create specific models at the physical level for various multi-aerial technologies, taking into consideration the use of aerial arrays of arbitrary configuration at the transmitting and receiving sides. Verification of the developed communication models of the wireless environment was performed. It was found that the use of directional aerials at the transmitting and receiving sides of the wireless environment in the presence of considerable shadowing and scattering structures makes it possible to significantly improve noise immunity. It is noted that with the use of the developed communication models, it is possible to carry out in-depth examination of the physical level with a view to developing a reliable and stable architecture of communications under conditions of emergency situations.
1 citations
References
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01 Jul 2003
TL;DR: A logging instrument contains a pulsed neutron source and a pair of radiation detectors spaced along the length of the instrument to provide an indication of formation porosity which is substantially independent of the formation salinity.
Abstract: The Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol is intended for use by mobile nodes in an ad hoc network. It offers quick adaptation to dynamic link conditions, low processing and memory overhead, low network utilization, and determines unicast routes to destinations within the ad hoc network. It uses destination sequence numbers to ensure loop freedom at all times (even in the face of anomalous delivery of routing control messages), avoiding problems (such as "counting to infinity") associated with classical distance vector protocols.
11,490 citations
Book•
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01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a series of technical papers about ad hoc networks from a variety of laboratories and experts, and explain the latest thinking on how mobile devices can best discover, identify, and communicate with other devices in the vicinity.
Abstract: Ad hoc networks are to computing devices what Yahoo Personals are to single people: both help individuals communicate productively with strangers while maintaining security. Under the rules of ad hoc networking--which continue to evolve--your mobile phone can, when placed in proximity to your handheld address book, establish a little network on its own and enable data sharing between the two devices. In Ad Hoc Networking, Charles Perkins has compiled a series of technical papers about networking on the fly from a variety of laboratories and experts. The collection explains the latest thinking on how mobile devices can best discover, identify, and communicate with other devices in the vicinity. In this treatment, ad hoc networking covers a broad swath of situations. An ad hoc network might consist of several home-computing devices, plus a notebook computer that must exist on home and office networks without extra administrative work. Such a network might also need to exist when the people and equipment in normally unrelated military units need to work together in combat. Though the papers in this book are much more descriptive of protocols and algorithms than of their implementations, they aim individually and collectively at commercialization and popularization of mobile devices that make use of ad hoc networking. You'll enjoy this book if you're involved in researching or implementing ad hoc networking capabilities for mobile devices. --David Wall Topics covered: The state-of-the-art in protocols and algorithms to be used in ad hoc networks of mobile devices that move in and out of proximity to one another, to fixed resources like printers, and to Internet connectivity. Routing with Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and other resource-discovery and routing protocols; the effects of ad hoc networking on bandwidth consumption; and battery life.
2,022 citations
26 Mar 2000
TL;DR: This paper attempts to design new MAC protocols suitable for ad hoc networks based on directional antennas, such as the IEEE 802.11 standard, which do not benefit when using directional antennas because they have been designed for omnidirectional antennas.
Abstract: Using directional antennas can be beneficial for wireless ad hoc networks consisting of a collection of wireless hosts. To best utilize directional antennas, a suitable medium access control (MAC) protocol must be designed. Current MAC protocols, such as the IEEE 802.11 standard, do not benefit when using directional antennas, because these protocols have been designed for omnidirectional antennas. In this paper, we attempt to design new MAC protocols suitable for ad hoc networks based on directional antennas.
788 citations
"Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..." refers background in this paper
...Thus we assume that such a network implements a directional medium access control protocol [10], [11], [12], [13], [14] that is capable of adapting any constraints imposed by the UAV....
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TL;DR: The article compares the scalability properties and operational features of the protocols and discusses challenges in future routing protocol designs.
Abstract: The growing interest in mobile ad hoc network techniques has resulted in many routing protocol proposals. Scalability issues in ad hoc networks are attracting increasing attention these days. We survey the routing protocols that address scalability. The routing protocols included in the survey fall into three categories: flat routing protocols; hierarchical routing approaches; GPS augmented geographical routing schemes. The article compares the scalability properties and operational features of the protocols and discusses challenges in future routing protocol designs.
779 citations