Journal Article•
Low Latency Routing Algorithm for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Ad-Hoc Networks
TL;DR: A new routing protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that equipped with directional antenna that is based on the well known protocol called Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) and developed a heuristic that allows DOLSR protocol to minimize the number of the multipoint relays.
Abstract: In this paper, we proposed a new routing protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that equipped with directional antenna. We named this protocol Directional Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (DOLSR). This protocol is based on the well known protocol that is called Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR). We focused in our protocol on the multipoint relay (MPR) concept which is the most important feature of this protocol. We developed a heuristic that allows DOLSR protocol to minimize the number of the multipoint relays. With this new protocol the number of overhead packets will be reduced and the End-to-End delay of the network will also be minimized. We showed through simulation that our protocol outperformed Optimized Link State Routing Protocol, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol and Ad- Hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in reducing the End-to-End delay and enhancing the overall throughput. Our evaluation of the previous protocols was based on the OPNET network simulation tool.
Citations
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01 Nov 2017
TL;DR: The main contribution of this paper include the introduction of suitable communication architecture, and an overview of different routing protocols for FANETs, which could expand the connectivity and extend the communication range at infrastructure-less area.
Abstract: With recent technological progress in the field of electronics, sensors and communication systems, the production of small UAVs (Unmanned Air Vehicles) became possible, which can be used for several military, commercial and civilian applications However, the capability of a single and small UAV is inadequate Multiple-UAVs can make a system that is beyond the limitations of a single small UAV A Flying Ad hoc Networks (FANETs) is such kind of network that consists of a group of small UAVs connected in ad-hoc manner, which are integrated into a team to achieve high level goals Mobility, lack of central control, self-organizing and ad-hoc nature between the UAVs are the main features of FANETs, which could expand the connectivity and extend the communication range at infrastructure-less area On one hand, in case of catastrophic situations when ordinary communication infrastructure is not available, FANETs can be used to provide a rapidly deployable, flexible, self-configurable and relatively small operating expenses network; the other hand connecting multiple UAVs in ad-hoc network is a big challenge This level of coordination requires an appropriate communication architecture and routing protocols that can be set up on highly dynamic flying nodes in order to establish a reliable and robust communication The main contribution of this paper include the introduction of suitable communication architecture, and an overview of different routing protocols for FANETs The open research issues of existing routing protocols are also investigated in this paper
136 citations
Cites methods from "Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..."
...For each sending data packets, the sender UAV computes the distance to the receiver UAV, then if the distance is larger than the maximum distance that can be attained by using the directional antenna (Dmax/2), or also if the Omni-directional antenna cannot achieve the destination, the UAV will apply the DOLSR algorithm Otherwise, OLSR will be used usually[40]....
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TL;DR: This paper reviews the routing protocols for UAV networks, in which the topology-based, position- based, hierarchical, deterministic, stochastic, and social-network-based routing protocols are extensively surveyed.
Abstract: Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have gained popularity for diverse applications and services in both the military and civilian domains. For cooperation and collaboration among UAVs, they can be wirelessly interconnected in an ad hoc manner, resulting in a UAV network. UAV networks have unique features and characteristics that are different from mobile ad hoc networks and vehicular ad hoc networks. The dynamic behavior of rapid mobility and topology changes in UAV networks makes the design of a routing protocol quite challenging. In this paper, we review the routing protocols for UAV networks, in which the topology-based, position-based, hierarchical, deterministic, stochastic, and social-network-based routing protocols are extensively surveyed. The routing protocols are then compared qualitatively in terms of their major features, characteristics, and performance. Open issues and research challenges are also discussed in the perspective of design and implementation.
134 citations
Cites background from "Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..."
...In [80], authors present that to find a new route in UAV networks can be frustrating....
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TL;DR: This paper presents UAV classification, communication and application architectures, and an exhaustive survey of the existing routing protocols for flying ad hoc networks, and highlights the key features, strengths and weaknesses, and different mobility models used for the performance evaluation of theexisting FANET routing protocols.
Abstract: The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is attracting considerable interest in academic research, commercial, and military applications. Multi-UAV systems organized in an ad hoc fashion called a flying ad hoc network (FANET) can cooperatively and collaboratively accomplish complex missions more efficiently compared to single large UAV systems. However, the unique features of FANETs such as high mobility, low node density, and high frequency of topology changes introduce challenges to the communication design, especially routing. Thus, the routing requirements of FANETs surpass those of MANETs or VANETs. In this paper, we present UAV classification, communication and application architectures, and an exhaustive survey of the existing routing protocols for flying ad hoc networks. Furthermore, we highlight the key features, strengths and weaknesses, and different mobility models used for the performance evaluation of the existing FANET routing protocols. More importantly, a proposed taxonomy and a review on the existing FANET routing protocols are presented. Finally, we highlight the existing challenges and open research issues.
130 citations
Cites background from "Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..."
...Directional Optimized Link State Routing (DOLSR) [109]:...
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...Furthermore, DOLSR typically increases the transmit power to extend the distance of communication, which can cause a severe problem for UAVs that have low power capacity....
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...limit the link state information exchanges, DOLSR [109] aims at utilizing the advantages of directional antenna to reduce the overhead....
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...DOLSR can be used in real-time applications including military and traffic monitoring, search and rescue missions for search area expansion as the search time proceeds, and network coverage in disaster areas....
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...Simulation results show that the directional antenna scheme used in DOLSR can decrease the MPR sets and consequently lower the end-to-end delay compared to ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) [110] and OLSR....
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TL;DR: The routing protocols, mobility and trajectory optimization models that have been used in FANet to solve communication and collaboration issues between UAVs are exposed, the security challenges that need to be overcome are outlined and FANET networking open issues are discussed.
123 citations
09 Nov 2015
TL;DR: The existing routing protocols for FANETs are classified into six major categories which are critically analyzed and compared based on various performance criteria to help network engineers in choosing appropriate routing protocols based on the specific scenario where the FANet will be deployed.
Abstract: The usage of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is increasing day by day. In recent years, UAVs are being used in increasing number of civil applications, such as policing, fire-fighting, etc in addition to military applications. Instead of using one large UAV, multiple UAVs are nowadays used for higher coverage area and accuracy. Therefore, networking models are required to allow two or more UAV nodes to communicate directly or via relay node(s). Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs) are formed which is basically an ad hoc network for UAVs. This is relatively a new technology in network family where requirements vary largely from traditional networking model, such as Mobile Ad-hoc Networks and Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks. In this paper, Flying Ad-Hoc Networks are surveyed along with its challenges compared to traditional ad hoc networks. The existing routing protocols for FANETs are then classified into six major categories which are critically analyzed and compared based on various performance criteria. Our comparative analysis will help network engineers in choosing appropriate routing protocols based on the specific scenario where the FANET will be deployed.
109 citations
Cites background from "Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..."
...Simulation studies [25] showed that DOLSR can reduce the number of MPRs with directional antennas....
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References
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01 Jul 2003
TL;DR: A logging instrument contains a pulsed neutron source and a pair of radiation detectors spaced along the length of the instrument to provide an indication of formation porosity which is substantially independent of the formation salinity.
Abstract: The Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol is intended for use by mobile nodes in an ad hoc network. It offers quick adaptation to dynamic link conditions, low processing and memory overhead, low network utilization, and determines unicast routes to destinations within the ad hoc network. It uses destination sequence numbers to ensure loop freedom at all times (even in the face of anomalous delivery of routing control messages), avoiding problems (such as "counting to infinity") associated with classical distance vector protocols.
11,490 citations
Book•
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01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a series of technical papers about ad hoc networks from a variety of laboratories and experts, and explain the latest thinking on how mobile devices can best discover, identify, and communicate with other devices in the vicinity.
Abstract: Ad hoc networks are to computing devices what Yahoo Personals are to single people: both help individuals communicate productively with strangers while maintaining security. Under the rules of ad hoc networking--which continue to evolve--your mobile phone can, when placed in proximity to your handheld address book, establish a little network on its own and enable data sharing between the two devices. In Ad Hoc Networking, Charles Perkins has compiled a series of technical papers about networking on the fly from a variety of laboratories and experts. The collection explains the latest thinking on how mobile devices can best discover, identify, and communicate with other devices in the vicinity. In this treatment, ad hoc networking covers a broad swath of situations. An ad hoc network might consist of several home-computing devices, plus a notebook computer that must exist on home and office networks without extra administrative work. Such a network might also need to exist when the people and equipment in normally unrelated military units need to work together in combat. Though the papers in this book are much more descriptive of protocols and algorithms than of their implementations, they aim individually and collectively at commercialization and popularization of mobile devices that make use of ad hoc networking. You'll enjoy this book if you're involved in researching or implementing ad hoc networking capabilities for mobile devices. --David Wall Topics covered: The state-of-the-art in protocols and algorithms to be used in ad hoc networks of mobile devices that move in and out of proximity to one another, to fixed resources like printers, and to Internet connectivity. Routing with Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and other resource-discovery and routing protocols; the effects of ad hoc networking on bandwidth consumption; and battery life.
2,022 citations
26 Mar 2000
TL;DR: This paper attempts to design new MAC protocols suitable for ad hoc networks based on directional antennas, such as the IEEE 802.11 standard, which do not benefit when using directional antennas because they have been designed for omnidirectional antennas.
Abstract: Using directional antennas can be beneficial for wireless ad hoc networks consisting of a collection of wireless hosts. To best utilize directional antennas, a suitable medium access control (MAC) protocol must be designed. Current MAC protocols, such as the IEEE 802.11 standard, do not benefit when using directional antennas, because these protocols have been designed for omnidirectional antennas. In this paper, we attempt to design new MAC protocols suitable for ad hoc networks based on directional antennas.
788 citations
"Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..." refers background in this paper
...Thus we assume that such a network implements a directional medium access control protocol [10], [11], [12], [13], [14] that is capable of adapting any constraints imposed by the UAV....
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TL;DR: The article compares the scalability properties and operational features of the protocols and discusses challenges in future routing protocol designs.
Abstract: The growing interest in mobile ad hoc network techniques has resulted in many routing protocol proposals. Scalability issues in ad hoc networks are attracting increasing attention these days. We survey the routing protocols that address scalability. The routing protocols included in the survey fall into three categories: flat routing protocols; hierarchical routing approaches; GPS augmented geographical routing schemes. The article compares the scalability properties and operational features of the protocols and discusses challenges in future routing protocol designs.
779 citations