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Journal Article

Low Latency Routing Algorithm for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Ad-Hoc Networks

TL;DR: A new routing protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that equipped with directional antenna that is based on the well known protocol called Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) and developed a heuristic that allows DOLSR protocol to minimize the number of the multipoint relays.
Abstract: In this paper, we proposed a new routing protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that equipped with directional antenna. We named this protocol Directional Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (DOLSR). This protocol is based on the well known protocol that is called Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR). We focused in our protocol on the multipoint relay (MPR) concept which is the most important feature of this protocol. We developed a heuristic that allows DOLSR protocol to minimize the number of the multipoint relays. With this new protocol the number of overhead packets will be reduced and the End-to-End delay of the network will also be minimized. We showed through simulation that our protocol outperformed Optimized Link State Routing Protocol, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol and Ad- Hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in reducing the End-to-End delay and enhancing the overall throughput. Our evaluation of the previous protocols was based on the OPNET network simulation tool.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This research work proposes a Reliable link-adaptive position-based routing protocol (RLPR) for FANET, which outperforms the Robust and reliable predictive based routing (RARP) and Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocols in different scenarios.
Abstract: Flying ad hoc network (FANET) provides portable and flexible communication for many applications and possesses several unique design challenges; a key one is the successful delivery of messages to the destination, reliably. For reliable communication, routing plays an important role, which establishes a path between source and destination on the basis of certain criteria. Conventional routing protocols of FANET generally use a minimum hop count criterion to find the best route between source and destination, which results in lower latency with the consideration that there is single source/destination network environment. However, in a network with multiple sources, the minimum hop count routing criterion along with the 1-Hop HELLO messages broadcasted by each node in the network may deteriorate the network performance in terms of high End-to-End (ETE) delay and decrease in the lifetime of the network. This research work proposes a Reliable link-adaptive position-based routing protocol (RLPR) for FANET. It uses relative speed, signal strength, and energy of the nodes along with the geographic distance towards the destination using a forwarding angle. This angle is used to determine the forwarding zone that decreases the undesirable control messages in the network in order to discover the route. RLPR enhances the network performance by selecting those relay nodes which are in the forwarding zone and whose geographic movement is towards the destination. Additionally, RLPR selects the next hop with better energy level and uses signal strength and relative speed of the nodes to achieve high connectivity-level. Based on the performance evaluation performed in the Network simulator (ns-2.35), it has been analysed that RLPR outperforms the Robust and reliable predictive based routing (RARP) and Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocols in different scenarios. The results show that RLPR achieves a 33% reduction in control messages overhead as compared to RARP and 45% reduction as compared to AODV. Additionally, RLPR shows a 55% improvement in the lifetime of the network as compared to RARP and 65% as compared to AODV. Moreover, the search success rate in RLPR is 16% better as compared to RARP and 28% as compared to AODV.

10 citations


Cites background from "Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..."

  • ...In [9] authors proposedDirectional optimized link state routing (DOLSR) over a well-known proactive routing protocol that is the Optimized link state routing (OLSR)....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Aug 2020
TL;DR: The optimal route is identified by considering UAVs with higher residual energy and stability in a 5G network in order to increase network lifetime, as well as reduce energy consumption and the number of broken links.
Abstract: Flying ad-hoc network (FANET) is one of the applications of next-generation wireless networks, including fifth generation (5G) networks. Due to the availability of high data rate and low latency, 5G supports applications with high resource requirement including FANET. In FANETs, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) communicate with each other to form a network, however due to their high mobility and dynamicity, network topology varies frequently. UAVs have limited energy resources, and their energy is consumed for communication, such as data transmission and reception. In this paper, the optimal route is identified by considering UAVs with higher residual energy and stability in a 5G network in order to increase network lifetime, as well as reduce energy consumption and the number of broken links. The proposed algorithm applies an artificial intelligence approach called reinforcement learning, and the effects of different learning rates are investigated.

10 citations


Cites background from "Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..."

  • ...Secondly, the proactive approach determines routes prior to packet arrivals in order to provide immediate data transmission [11], [13], [14]....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
03 Mar 2018
TL;DR: Modifications to a specialized Medium Access Control (MAC) and a MANET routing protocol are proposed to explore a trade-off unique to CubeSat Networks, that of CSN energy use against S2G data throughput.
Abstract: CubeSats are small satellite platforms which have significantly reduced the cost of access to low Earth orbit over the past decade. Recent CubeSat missions have demonstrated the platform's ability to form in-orbit networks. This work addresses a trade-off unique to CubeSat Networks. CubeSat satellite-to-ground (S2G) communication requires high levels of energy consumption to achieve data rates in the order of kilobytes per second. In comparison, CubeSats are capable of more energy efficient satellite-to-satellite (S2S) communication at rates an order of magnitude above those of S2G communication. This asymmetry underpins this work's trade-off of interest, that of CSN energy use against S2G data throughput. Modifications to a specialized Medium Access Control (MAC) and a MANET routing protocol are proposed to explore this trade-off. This work's modified protocols are developed alongside a simulation of a hypothetical CSN mission using the open-source network simulator, OMNeT++. Proposed MAC protocol energy saving features are shown to decrease CSN energy consumption without a reduction in S2G throughput. Modifications to this work's proposed routing protocol introduces the basic election of a CubeSat dedicated to performing S2G communication. The development of this election approach reveals the potential unsuitability of the use of a dynamic routing protocol alongside an inflexible TDMA based MAC protocol in CSNs.

8 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
20 May 2019
TL;DR: This paper proposes a link aware on demand routing protocol (LAOD), which uses link expiration time to set up a stable connection between the source and the destination and repairs the route at link level to ensure reliability.
Abstract: Increasing demands for flexible communications have led to the fast emergence in networking between autopilot vehicles (drones) usually referred to flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs). The existing mobile ad-hoc network routing protocols are not enough to meet the requirements of high speed of unmanned aerial vehicles of FANETs. Due to high-speed mobility, the link between two nodes is always variable showing unstable connection. In order to overcome this problem, we propose a link aware on demand routing protocol (LAOD). Our protocol uses link expiration time to set up a stable connection between the source and the destination. In addition, it repairs the route at link level to ensure reliability. Mathematical evaluations show that our protocol performs better than AODV in packet delivery ratio, latency, energy consumption and average path lifetime.

7 citations


Cites methods from "Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..."

  • ...The protocol in [10] is based on Link State Routing....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new routing scheme developed by the use of evolutionary algorithms (EA) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) which will be used for getting the optimized output of MANET is introduced.
Abstract: A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self configuring network, without any centralized control. The topology of this network is not always defined. The main objective of this paper is to introduce the fundamental concepts of MANETs to the researchers and practitioners, who are involved in the work in the area of modeling and simulation of MANETs. This paper begins with an overview of mobile ad hoc networks. Then it proceeds with the overview of routing protocols used in the MANETS, their properties and simulation methods. A brief tabular comparison between the routing protocols is also given in this paper considering different routing protocol parameters. This paper introduces a new routing scheme developed by the use of evolutionary algorithms (EA) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) which will be used for getting the optimized output of MANET. In this paper cryptographic technique, ceaser cipher is also employed for making the optimized route secure. Keywords—AHP, AODV, Cryptography, EA, MANET, Optimized output.

7 citations


Cites background from "Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..."

  • ...For Unmanned Aerial Vehicles mobile Ad- Hoc networks Directional Optimized Link State Routing (DOLSR) protocol was described in [86] which has the capacity of reducing the number of the multipoint relays in the network and accordingly end-to-end delay is reduced and the overall throughput is increased....

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References
More filters
01 Jul 2003
TL;DR: A logging instrument contains a pulsed neutron source and a pair of radiation detectors spaced along the length of the instrument to provide an indication of formation porosity which is substantially independent of the formation salinity.
Abstract: The Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol is intended for use by mobile nodes in an ad hoc network. It offers quick adaptation to dynamic link conditions, low processing and memory overhead, low network utilization, and determines unicast routes to destinations within the ad hoc network. It uses destination sequence numbers to ensure loop freedom at all times (even in the face of anomalous delivery of routing control messages), avoiding problems (such as "counting to infinity") associated with classical distance vector protocols.

11,490 citations

Book
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a series of technical papers about ad hoc networks from a variety of laboratories and experts, and explain the latest thinking on how mobile devices can best discover, identify, and communicate with other devices in the vicinity.
Abstract: Ad hoc networks are to computing devices what Yahoo Personals are to single people: both help individuals communicate productively with strangers while maintaining security. Under the rules of ad hoc networking--which continue to evolve--your mobile phone can, when placed in proximity to your handheld address book, establish a little network on its own and enable data sharing between the two devices. In Ad Hoc Networking, Charles Perkins has compiled a series of technical papers about networking on the fly from a variety of laboratories and experts. The collection explains the latest thinking on how mobile devices can best discover, identify, and communicate with other devices in the vicinity. In this treatment, ad hoc networking covers a broad swath of situations. An ad hoc network might consist of several home-computing devices, plus a notebook computer that must exist on home and office networks without extra administrative work. Such a network might also need to exist when the people and equipment in normally unrelated military units need to work together in combat. Though the papers in this book are much more descriptive of protocols and algorithms than of their implementations, they aim individually and collectively at commercialization and popularization of mobile devices that make use of ad hoc networking. You'll enjoy this book if you're involved in researching or implementing ad hoc networking capabilities for mobile devices. --David Wall Topics covered: The state-of-the-art in protocols and algorithms to be used in ad hoc networks of mobile devices that move in and out of proximity to one another, to fixed resources like printers, and to Internet connectivity. Routing with Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and other resource-discovery and routing protocols; the effects of ad hoc networking on bandwidth consumption; and battery life.

2,022 citations

Book
01 May 2004

1,064 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
26 Mar 2000
TL;DR: This paper attempts to design new MAC protocols suitable for ad hoc networks based on directional antennas, such as the IEEE 802.11 standard, which do not benefit when using directional antennas because they have been designed for omnidirectional antennas.
Abstract: Using directional antennas can be beneficial for wireless ad hoc networks consisting of a collection of wireless hosts. To best utilize directional antennas, a suitable medium access control (MAC) protocol must be designed. Current MAC protocols, such as the IEEE 802.11 standard, do not benefit when using directional antennas, because these protocols have been designed for omnidirectional antennas. In this paper, we attempt to design new MAC protocols suitable for ad hoc networks based on directional antennas.

788 citations


"Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Thus we assume that such a network implements a directional medium access control protocol [10], [11], [12], [13], [14] that is capable of adapting any constraints imposed by the UAV....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The article compares the scalability properties and operational features of the protocols and discusses challenges in future routing protocol designs.
Abstract: The growing interest in mobile ad hoc network techniques has resulted in many routing protocol proposals. Scalability issues in ad hoc networks are attracting increasing attention these days. We survey the routing protocols that address scalability. The routing protocols included in the survey fall into three categories: flat routing protocols; hierarchical routing approaches; GPS augmented geographical routing schemes. The article compares the scalability properties and operational features of the protocols and discusses challenges in future routing protocol designs.

779 citations