Journal Article•
Low Latency Routing Algorithm for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Ad-Hoc Networks
TL;DR: A new routing protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that equipped with directional antenna that is based on the well known protocol called Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) and developed a heuristic that allows DOLSR protocol to minimize the number of the multipoint relays.
Abstract: In this paper, we proposed a new routing protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that equipped with directional antenna. We named this protocol Directional Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (DOLSR). This protocol is based on the well known protocol that is called Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR). We focused in our protocol on the multipoint relay (MPR) concept which is the most important feature of this protocol. We developed a heuristic that allows DOLSR protocol to minimize the number of the multipoint relays. With this new protocol the number of overhead packets will be reduced and the End-to-End delay of the network will also be minimized. We showed through simulation that our protocol outperformed Optimized Link State Routing Protocol, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol and Ad- Hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in reducing the End-to-End delay and enhancing the overall throughput. Our evaluation of the previous protocols was based on the OPNET network simulation tool.
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TL;DR: This paper surveys the work done toward all of the outstanding issues, relating to this new class of networks, so as to spur further research in these areas.
Abstract: Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have enormous potential in the public and civil domains. These are particularly useful in applications, where human lives would otherwise be endangered. Multi-UAV systems can collaboratively complete missions more efficiently and economically as compared to single UAV systems. However, there are many issues to be resolved before effective use of UAVs can be made to provide stable and reliable context-specific networks. Much of the work carried out in the areas of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) does not address the unique characteristics of the UAV networks. UAV networks may vary from slow dynamic to dynamic and have intermittent links and fluid topology. While it is believed that ad hoc mesh network would be most suitable for UAV networks yet the architecture of multi-UAV networks has been an understudied area. Software defined networking (SDN) could facilitate flexible deployment and management of new services and help reduce cost, increase security and availability in networks. Routing demands of UAV networks go beyond the needs of MANETS and VANETS. Protocols are required that would adapt to high mobility, dynamic topology, intermittent links, power constraints, and changing link quality. UAVs may fail and the network may get partitioned making delay and disruption tolerance an important design consideration. Limited life of the node and dynamicity of the network lead to the requirement of seamless handovers, where researchers are looking at the work done in the areas of MANETs and VANETs, but the jury is still out. As energy supply on UAVs is limited, protocols in various layers should contribute toward greening of the network. This paper surveys the work done toward all of these outstanding issues, relating to this new class of networks, so as to spur further research in these areas.
1,636 citations
Cites result from "Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..."
...However, in [55], the performance based on end-to-end latency of DSR was worst for UAV networks as compared to AODV and...
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01 May 2013
TL;DR: In this paper, Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs) are surveyed which is an ad hoc network connecting the UAVs, and the main FANET design challenges are introduced.
Abstract: One of the most important design problems for multi-UAV (Unmanned Air Vehicle) systems is the communication which is crucial for cooperation and collaboration between the UAVs. If all UAVs are directly connected to an infrastructure, such as a ground base or a satellite, the communication between UAVs can be realized through the in-frastructure. However, this infrastructure based communication architecture restricts the capabilities of the multi-UAV systems. Ad-hoc networking between UAVs can solve the problems arising from a fully infrastructure based UAV networks. In this paper, Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs) are surveyed which is an ad hoc network connecting the UAVs. The differences between FANETs, MANETs (Mobile Ad-hoc Networks) and VANETs (Vehicle Ad-Hoc Networks) are clarified first, and then the main FANET design challenges are introduced. Along with the existing FANET protocols, open research issues are also discussed.
1,072 citations
TL;DR: This comprehensive survey both studies and summarizes the existing UAV-assisted research, such as routing, data gathering, cellular communications, Internet of Things (IoT) networks, and disaster management that supports existing enabling technologies.
204 citations
TL;DR: The proposed adaptive hybrid communication protocols including a novel position-prediction-based directional MAC protocol (PPMAC) and a self-learning routing protocol based on reinforcement learning (RLSRP) have the potential to provide an intelligent and highly autonomous communication solution for FANETs.
Abstract: The flying ad hoc network (FANET) is a new paradigm of wireless communication that governs the autonomous movement of UAVs and supports UAV-to-UAV communication. A FANET can provide an effective real-time communication solution for the multiple UAV systems considering each flying UAV as a router. However, existing mobile ad hoc protocols cannot meet the needs of FANETs due to high-speed mobility and frequent topology change. In addition, the complicated flight environment and varied flight tasks lead to the traditional built-in-rules protocols no longer meeting the demands of autonomy. Hence, we have proposed adaptive hybrid communication protocols including a novel position-prediction-based directional MAC protocol (PPMAC) and a self-learning routing protocol based on reinforcement learning (RLSRP). The performance results show that the proposed PPMAC overcomes the directional deafness problem with directional antennas, and RLSRP provides an automatically evolving and more effective routing scheme. Our proposed hybrid adaptive communication protocols have the potential to provide an intelligent and highly autonomous communication solution for FANETs, and indicate the main research orientation of FANET protocols.
166 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a somewhat complete survey of the routing protocols designed for UAVs is presented, and the performance of existing routing protocols is compared in detail.
Abstract: Nowadays, mini-drones, officially called unmanned aerial vehicles, are widely used in many military and civilian fields. Compared to traditional ad hoc networks, the mobile ad hoc networks established by UAVs are more efficient in completing complex tasks in harsh environments. However, due to the unique characteristics of UAVs (e.g., high mobility and sparse deployment), existing protocols or algorithms cannot be directly used for UAVs. In this article, we focus on the routes designed for UAVs, and aim to present a somewhat complete survey of the routing protocols. Moreover, the performance of existing routing protocols is compared in detail, which naturally leads to a great number of open research problems that are outlined afterward.
139 citations
Cites background or methods from "Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..."
...DOLSR[4]...
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...proposed directional OLSR (DOLSR) [4] for UAVs that were equipped with directional antennas....
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...[4] A....
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...In this section, we classify the routing protocols into two categories: single-hop routing [1, 2] and multihop routing [3–15]....
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...DOLSR [4] Proactive Yes Yes No Yes Periodically No No Optimized link...
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify the issues and evaluate the performance of an omnidirectional routing protocol, DSR, when executed over directional antennas, using insights gained from simulations, they propose routing strategies suitable for directional communication.
Abstract: Previous research on directional antennas has been confined mostly to medium access control. However, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of directional antennas on the performance of routing protocols as well. In this paper, we identify the issues and evaluate the performance of an omnidirectional routing protocol, DSR, when executed over directional antennas. Using insights gained from simulations, we propose routing strategies suitable for directional communication. Our analysis shows that by using directional antennas, ad hoc networks may achieve better performance. However, scenarios exist in which omnidirectional antennas may be suitable.
119 citations
19 May 2002
TL;DR: The performance of OLSR with the performance of basic link state protocols using full flooding and the performance in two radio network model: the random graph model and the unit graph model is analyzed.
Abstract: We analyze the performance of ad hoc pro-active routing protocols. In particular we focuse on the multipoint relay concept introduced in OLSR protocol and which brings a significantimpro vementin broadcast control traffic overhead. We analyze the performance in two radio network model: the random graph model and the unit graph model. The random graph is more suitable for the modelization of indoor networks. The unit graph is more suitable for outdoor networks. We compare the performance of OLSR with the performance of basic link state protocols using full flooding.
111 citations
"Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..." refers methods in this paper
...In [27], the author analyzed the performance of the OLSR routing protocols....
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01 Oct 2001
TL;DR: A modified link-state based table-driven routing protocol that captures the approximate network status periodically without generating lot of control traffic is proposed that uses the directional capability of adaptive antenna for capturing, disseminating and using the network information for direction routing.
Abstract: Use of directional antenna in the context of ad hoc wireless networks can largely reduce radio interference, thereby improving the utilization of wireless medium. To achieve this, we have proposed an adaptive MAC protocol, where each node keeps certain neighborhood information dynamically so that each node can avoid interference by keeping track of other communicating nodes at the instant of time. Moreover, appropriate mechanism for null steering of directional antennas in user terminals can help exchanging the neighborhood information in presence of on-going communication and can drastically improve the medium utilization through overlapping communications in different directions. Subsequently, we have proposed a modified link-state based table-driven routing protocol that captures the approximate network status periodically without generating lot of control traffic. It uses the directional capability of adaptive antenna for capturing, disseminating and using the network information for direction routing
106 citations
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: This work analyzes the performance of ad hoc pro-active routing protocol OLSR and focuses on the multipoint relay concept which is the most salient feature of this protocol and which brings the most significant breakthrough in performance.
Abstract: We analyze the performance of ad hoc pro-active routing protocol OLSR. In particular we focuse on the multipoint relay concept which is the most salient feature of this protocol and which brings the most significant breakthrough in performance. We will anlyse the performances in two radio network models: the random graph model and the unit graph. The random graph is more suitable for indoor networks, and the unit graph is more suitable for outdoor networks. We compare the performance of OLSR with the performance of link state protocols using full flooding, such as OSPF.
91 citations
01 Mar 2005
TL;DR: This paper evaluates the tradeoffs involved in using directional antennas in ad hoc routing and identifies several issues that emerge from executing DSR (originally designed for omnidirectional antennas) over directional antennas.
Abstract: This paper evaluates the tradeoffs involved in using directional antennas in ad hoc routing. Although problems with utilizing directional antennas have been visited in the past, the research has been confined mostly to medium access control. To determine whether directional antennas are beneficial to ad hoc networks, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of directional antennas on the performance of routing protocols as well. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of DSR (dynamic source routing) using directional antennas. We identify several issues that emerge from executing DSR (originally designed for omnidirectional antennas) over directional antennas. Using insights gained from simulations, we propose routing strategies that adapt the routing protocol to directional communication. Our analysis shows that by using directional antennas, ad hoc networks may achieve better performance. However, scenarios exist in which using omnidirectional antennas may be more appropriate.
81 citations