Journal Article•
Low Latency Routing Algorithm for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Ad-Hoc Networks
TL;DR: A new routing protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that equipped with directional antenna that is based on the well known protocol called Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) and developed a heuristic that allows DOLSR protocol to minimize the number of the multipoint relays.
Abstract: In this paper, we proposed a new routing protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that equipped with directional antenna. We named this protocol Directional Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (DOLSR). This protocol is based on the well known protocol that is called Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR). We focused in our protocol on the multipoint relay (MPR) concept which is the most important feature of this protocol. We developed a heuristic that allows DOLSR protocol to minimize the number of the multipoint relays. With this new protocol the number of overhead packets will be reduced and the End-to-End delay of the network will also be minimized. We showed through simulation that our protocol outperformed Optimized Link State Routing Protocol, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol and Ad- Hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in reducing the End-to-End delay and enhancing the overall throughput. Our evaluation of the previous protocols was based on the OPNET network simulation tool.
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TL;DR: This paper surveys the work done toward all of the outstanding issues, relating to this new class of networks, so as to spur further research in these areas.
Abstract: Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have enormous potential in the public and civil domains. These are particularly useful in applications, where human lives would otherwise be endangered. Multi-UAV systems can collaboratively complete missions more efficiently and economically as compared to single UAV systems. However, there are many issues to be resolved before effective use of UAVs can be made to provide stable and reliable context-specific networks. Much of the work carried out in the areas of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) does not address the unique characteristics of the UAV networks. UAV networks may vary from slow dynamic to dynamic and have intermittent links and fluid topology. While it is believed that ad hoc mesh network would be most suitable for UAV networks yet the architecture of multi-UAV networks has been an understudied area. Software defined networking (SDN) could facilitate flexible deployment and management of new services and help reduce cost, increase security and availability in networks. Routing demands of UAV networks go beyond the needs of MANETS and VANETS. Protocols are required that would adapt to high mobility, dynamic topology, intermittent links, power constraints, and changing link quality. UAVs may fail and the network may get partitioned making delay and disruption tolerance an important design consideration. Limited life of the node and dynamicity of the network lead to the requirement of seamless handovers, where researchers are looking at the work done in the areas of MANETs and VANETs, but the jury is still out. As energy supply on UAVs is limited, protocols in various layers should contribute toward greening of the network. This paper surveys the work done toward all of these outstanding issues, relating to this new class of networks, so as to spur further research in these areas.
1,636 citations
Cites result from "Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..."
...However, in [55], the performance based on end-to-end latency of DSR was worst for UAV networks as compared to AODV and...
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01 May 2013
TL;DR: In this paper, Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs) are surveyed which is an ad hoc network connecting the UAVs, and the main FANET design challenges are introduced.
Abstract: One of the most important design problems for multi-UAV (Unmanned Air Vehicle) systems is the communication which is crucial for cooperation and collaboration between the UAVs. If all UAVs are directly connected to an infrastructure, such as a ground base or a satellite, the communication between UAVs can be realized through the in-frastructure. However, this infrastructure based communication architecture restricts the capabilities of the multi-UAV systems. Ad-hoc networking between UAVs can solve the problems arising from a fully infrastructure based UAV networks. In this paper, Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs) are surveyed which is an ad hoc network connecting the UAVs. The differences between FANETs, MANETs (Mobile Ad-hoc Networks) and VANETs (Vehicle Ad-Hoc Networks) are clarified first, and then the main FANET design challenges are introduced. Along with the existing FANET protocols, open research issues are also discussed.
1,072 citations
TL;DR: This comprehensive survey both studies and summarizes the existing UAV-assisted research, such as routing, data gathering, cellular communications, Internet of Things (IoT) networks, and disaster management that supports existing enabling technologies.
204 citations
TL;DR: The proposed adaptive hybrid communication protocols including a novel position-prediction-based directional MAC protocol (PPMAC) and a self-learning routing protocol based on reinforcement learning (RLSRP) have the potential to provide an intelligent and highly autonomous communication solution for FANETs.
Abstract: The flying ad hoc network (FANET) is a new paradigm of wireless communication that governs the autonomous movement of UAVs and supports UAV-to-UAV communication. A FANET can provide an effective real-time communication solution for the multiple UAV systems considering each flying UAV as a router. However, existing mobile ad hoc protocols cannot meet the needs of FANETs due to high-speed mobility and frequent topology change. In addition, the complicated flight environment and varied flight tasks lead to the traditional built-in-rules protocols no longer meeting the demands of autonomy. Hence, we have proposed adaptive hybrid communication protocols including a novel position-prediction-based directional MAC protocol (PPMAC) and a self-learning routing protocol based on reinforcement learning (RLSRP). The performance results show that the proposed PPMAC overcomes the directional deafness problem with directional antennas, and RLSRP provides an automatically evolving and more effective routing scheme. Our proposed hybrid adaptive communication protocols have the potential to provide an intelligent and highly autonomous communication solution for FANETs, and indicate the main research orientation of FANET protocols.
166 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a somewhat complete survey of the routing protocols designed for UAVs is presented, and the performance of existing routing protocols is compared in detail.
Abstract: Nowadays, mini-drones, officially called unmanned aerial vehicles, are widely used in many military and civilian fields. Compared to traditional ad hoc networks, the mobile ad hoc networks established by UAVs are more efficient in completing complex tasks in harsh environments. However, due to the unique characteristics of UAVs (e.g., high mobility and sparse deployment), existing protocols or algorithms cannot be directly used for UAVs. In this article, we focus on the routes designed for UAVs, and aim to present a somewhat complete survey of the routing protocols. Moreover, the performance of existing routing protocols is compared in detail, which naturally leads to a great number of open research problems that are outlined afterward.
139 citations
Cites background or methods from "Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..."
...DOLSR[4]...
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...proposed directional OLSR (DOLSR) [4] for UAVs that were equipped with directional antennas....
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...[4] A....
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...In this section, we classify the routing protocols into two categories: single-hop routing [1, 2] and multihop routing [3–15]....
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...DOLSR [4] Proactive Yes Yes No Yes Periodically No No Optimized link...
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References
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23 Oct 2006
TL;DR: It is argued that field experimentation of UAV networking is essential in collecting link measurement data, developing network protocols and applications, and evaluating their performance in realistic environments, and that it is feasible to conduct these experiments cost-effectively with COTS-based equipment.
Abstract: Low-cost and high-performance Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) wireless equipment, such as IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN ("Wi-Fi"), has so advanced that it is now practical to use it in small low-altitude Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). This new capability has inspired many novel application ideas in UAV networking. We argue that field experimentation of UAV networking is essential in collecting link measurement data, developing network protocols and applications, and evaluating their performance in realistic environments, and that it is feasible to conduct these experiments cost-effectively with COTS-based equipment. We describe several ongoing field experiments and initial results. Lastly, we briefly describe future testing plans as well as suggest methods of facilitating rapid and inexpensive UAV networking field experimentation.
48 citations
04 Oct 2004
TL;DR: The communication model widely used in simulation studies of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is found to use an overly simplistic traffic pattern which restricts the number of connections that originate from each source node to be one or two, and thus the communication model may not represent traffic patterns in many potential applications in MANETs.
Abstract: In this paper, we examine the communication model widely used in simulation studies of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). We find that the communication model uses an overly simplistic traffic pattern which restricts the number of connections that originate from each source node to be one or two, and thus the communication model may not represent traffic patterns in many potential applications in MANETs. We then propose a new communication model which extends the previous communication model to include a more general traffic pattern that varies the number of connections per source node. We study the performance impact of traffic patterns on various routing protocols via detailed simulations of a MANET of 112 mobile nodes. Our simulation results show that many of the conclusions drawn in previous protocol comparison studies no longer hold under the new communication model. These results motivate the need for performance evaluation of MANETs to not only include rich and diverse mobility models as has been done in the past but also include diverse traffic patterns that stress a wide set of protocol design issues.
47 citations
"Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..." refers methods in this paper
...The simulation period is 10 minutes and the UAVs are moving in the simulation area according to a random waypoint model [31] with a zero pause time and a constant speed of 40 m/sec....
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21 Jun 2005
TL;DR: The mean number of selected MPR per node and their spatial distribution is analyzed with a theoretical approach and simulations and the implications on the efficiency of a broadcasting and on the reliability of OLSR when links between nodes may fail are discussed.
Abstract: OLSR is a promising routing protocol for multi-hop wireless networks, recently standardized by the IETF. It intensively uses the concept of MPR to minimize the routing messages and limit the harmful effects of the broadcasting in such networks. In this article, we are interested in the performances of the Multi-Point Relay selection. We analyze the mean number of selected MPR per node and their spatial distribution with a theoretical approach and simulations. Then, we discuss the implications of these results on the efficiency of a broadcasting and on the reliability of OLSR when links between nodes may fail.
30 citations
Additional excerpts
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01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: It is shown that limiting replies by destination is the most beneficial change to the routing protocol and that network density has significant impact on performance in uncongested networks.
Abstract: The Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol is a simple and robust routing protocol designed for use in multi-hop wireless ad-hoc networks of mobile nodes. Several of the optimizations proposed in the protocol tend to hurt the performance, especially in the case of high node mobility and low traffic load. This issue has been studied extensively, and DSR is shown to perform better with certain optimizations turned off. In this paper, we show that DSR's performance is unsatisfactory even with these modifications. We suggest three simple and intuitive changes to the routing protocol. Using simulations, we show that the new techniques provide significant performance improvements for various network densities and traffic loads. To illustrate the relative significance of the proposed changes, traffic load and network density on the overall performance, we present 2 k factorial analyses of the simulation data. Based on the statistical analysis, we show that limiting replies by destination is the most beneficial change to the routing protocol and that network density has significant impact on performance in uncongested networks.
19 citations
"Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..." refers background in this paper
...Routing protocol [5] and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol [6]....
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01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: This paper proposes to extend access points to multiple MANETs, each as a subnet of the Internet, and discusses how to support Mobile IP in such environment, based on IEEE 802.11b wireless LANs.
19 citations
"Low Latency Routing Algorithm for U..." refers background in this paper
...overhead by only sending routing information as soon as the communication is initiated between them [4]....
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