Low power and low complexity implementation of LPTV interpolation filter
01 Jan 2016-pp 1-8
TL;DR: An architecture for low power and low complexity implementation of a linear periodically time varying (LPTV) interpolation filter using thread decomposition (TD) technique which decomposes a filter into finite computational threads is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents an architecture for low power and low complexity implementation of a linear periodically time varying (LPTV) interpolation filter using thread decomposition (TD) technique which decomposes a filter into finite computational threads. TD technique enables us to develop the proposed architecture as a generalization to linear time invariant (LTI) filter structure. The area complexity of the proposed architecture is significantly reduced by optimizing the concurrent threads of the conventional design. Reduction of power consumption is achieved in the proposed design by eliminating futile multiplications and reducing the operating frequency of the multipliers. It involves nearly one fourth the number of adders, multipliers and delay elements compared to the conventional design. The proposed structure is implemented on Virtex FPGA 2vp30-7ff896. From the synthesis results, it is found that the proposed design offers 35.7% reduction in power consumption and 20.6% reduction in device utilization over the conventional design.
Citations
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TL;DR: This study presents the development and comparison of interpolator systolic array designs and implementations and confirms that the proposed interpolator implementation requires no more than 61.7% of the hardware resources required in the conventional design and are at least 63.9% faster than theventional design.
Abstract: This study presents the development and comparison of interpolator systolic array designs and implementations. Systematic methodology was applied to the difference equations defining the interpolator algorithm. A dependence graph for the interpolator was obtained that combined the upsampler and the anti-imaging filter. Different data scheduling and projection operations were developed. Nine systolic array design options were obtained and evaluated. The fastest design was selected for hardware implementation. Field-programmable gate array implementations for the conventional and proposed designs confirm that the proposed interpolator implementation requires no more than 61.7% of the hardware resources required in the conventional design and are at least 63.9% faster than the conventional design.
2 citations
Cites background from "Low power and low complexity implem..."
...Examples where interpolators are an essential component include implementation of the interpolation filters [3], nested arrays broadband beamformers [4, 5] and discrete Fourier transform (DFT) filter bank beamformers [6]....
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References
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01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this article, the basic operations of these filter banks are considered and the requirements are stated for alias-free, perfect-reconstruction (PR), and nearly perfect reconstruction (NPR) filter banks.
Abstract: The outline of this chapter is as follows. Section 2 reviews various types of existing finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) two-channel filter banks. The basic operations of these filter banks are considered and the requirements are stated for alias-free, perfect-reconstruction (PR), and nearly perfect-reconstruction (NPR) filter banks. Also some efficient synthesis techniques are referred to. Furthermore, examples are included to compare various two-channel filter banks with each other. Section 3 concentrates on the design of multi-channel (M-channel) uniform filter banks. The main emphasis is laid on designing these banks using tree-structured filter banks with the aid of two-channel filter banks and on generating the overall bank with the aid of a single prototype filter and a proper cosine-modulation or MDFT technique. In Section 4, it is shown how octave filter banks can be generated using a single two-channel filter bank as the basic building block. Also, the relations between the frequency-selective octave filter banks and discrete-time wavelet banks are briefly discussed. Finally, concluding remarks are given in Section 5.
1,598 citations
TL;DR: The goal of this study was to present a comprehensive catalogue of methods in a uniform terminology, to define general properties and requirements of local techniques, and to enable the reader to select that method which is optimal for his specific application in medical imaging.
Abstract: Image interpolation techniques often are required in medical imaging for image generation (e.g., discrete back projection for inverse Radon transform) and processing such as compression or resampling. Since the ideal interpolation function spatially is unlimited, several interpolation kernels of finite size have been introduced. This paper compares 1) truncated and windowed sine; 2) nearest neighbor; 3) linear; 4) quadratic; 5) cubic B-spline; 6) cubic; g) Lagrange; and 7) Gaussian interpolation and approximation techniques with kernel sizes from 1/spl times/1 up to 8/spl times/8. The comparison is done by: 1) spatial and Fourier analyses; 2) computational complexity as well as runtime evaluations; and 3) qualitative and quantitative interpolation error determinations for particular interpolation tasks which were taken from common situations in medical image processing. For local and Fourier analyses, a standardized notation is introduced and fundamental properties of interpolators are derived. Successful methods should be direct current (DC)-constant and interpolators rather than DC-inconstant or approximators. Each method's parameters are tuned with respect to those properties. This results in three novel kernels, which are introduced in this paper and proven to be within the best choices for medical image interpolation: the 6/spl times/6 Blackman-Harris windowed sinc interpolator, and the C2-continuous cubic kernels with N=6 and N=8 supporting points. For quantitative error evaluations, a set of 50 direct digital X-rays was used. They have been selected arbitrarily from clinical routine. In general, large kernel sizes were found to be superior to small interpolation masks. Except for truncated sine interpolators, all kernels with N=6 or larger sizes perform significantly better than N=2 or N=3 point methods (p/spl Lt/0.005). However, the differences within the group of large-sized kernels were not significant. Summarizing the results, the cubic 6/spl times/6 interpolator with continuous second derivatives, as defined in (24), can be recommended for most common interpolation tasks. It appears to be the fastest six-point kernel to implement computationally. It provides eminent local and Fourier properties, is easy to implement, and has only small errors. The same characteristics apply to B-spline interpolation, but the 6/spl times/6 cubic avoids the intrinsic border effects produced by the B-spline technique. However, the goal of this study was not to determine an overall best method, but to present a comprehensive catalogue of methods in a uniform terminology, to define general properties and requirements of local techniques, and to enable the reader to select that method which is optimal for his specific application in medical imaging.
1,360 citations
"Low power and low complexity implem..." refers background in this paper
...Upsampling operation by a factor L introduces (L-1) zeros between two consecutive samples....
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AT&T1
TL;DR: An FIR (finite-impulse-response) filter which synthesizes a controllable delay which has the ability to interpolate between samples in the data stream of a band-limited signal is described.
Abstract: The author describes an FIR (finite-impulse-response) filter which synthesizes a controllable delay. By changing the delay the filter has the ability to interpolate between samples in the data stream of a band-limited signal. Because high sampling rates are not required, the filter is especially suited for implementation in a digital signal processor (DSP), and has been implemented in a real-time DSP. The interpolator can be used as a practical way to reconstruct an original band limited signal from samples taken at the Nyquist rate. The variable delay filter can also be used as a more general computational element. Performance results are presented. >
853 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: The present work focuses on the design of low power circuit technologies for portable video-on-demand in wireless communication using CMOS, and the development of algorithms and architectural level methodologies for this purpose.
Abstract: Preface. 1. Introduction J.M. Rabaey, et al. Part I: Technology and circuit design levels. 2. Device and technology impact on low power electronics Chenming Hu. 3. Low power circuit technologies C. Svensson, Dake Liu. 4. Energy-recovery CMOS W.C. Athas. 5. Low power clock distribution J.G. Xi, W.W.-M. Dai. Part II: Logic and module design levels. 6. Logic synthesis and module design levels M. Pedram. 7. Low power arithmetic components T.K. Callawy, E.E. Schwartzlander. 8. Low power memory design K. Itoh. Part III: Architecture and system design levels. 9. Low-power microprocessor design S. Gary. 10. Portable video-on-demand in wireless communication T.H. Meng, et al. 11. Algorithm and architectural level methodologies R. Mehra, et al. Index.
784 citations
TL;DR: The sinc-based interpolation technique enabled serially acquired MR images to be positionally matched to subvoxel accuracy so that small changes in the brain could be distinguished from effects due to misregistration.
Abstract: Objective Methods for automatically registering and reslicing MR images using an interpolation function that matches the structure of the image data are described. Materials and methods Phantom and human brain images were matched by rigid body rotations and translations in two and three dimensions using a least-squares optimization procedure. Subvoxel image shifts were produced with linear or sinc interpolation. Results The use of sinc interpolation ensured that the repositioned images were faithful to the original data and enabled quantitative intensity comparisons to be made. In humans, image segmentation was vital to avoid extraneous soft tissue changes producing systematic errors in registration. Conclusions The sinc-based interpolation technique enabled serially acquired MR images to be positionally matched to subvoxel accuracy so that small changes in the brain could be distinguished from effects due to misregistration.
326 citations
"Low power and low complexity implem..." refers background in this paper
...Hence the multipliers in the LPTV structure get non zero samples at every L-th clock pulse and in the remaining (L-1) clock cycles, they get zero sample values....
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...Upsampling operation by a factor L introduces (L-1) zeros between two consecutive samples....
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