LTE for vehicular networking: a survey
TL;DR: Standards and weaknesses of LTE as an enabling technology for vehicular communications are analyzed, and open issues and critical design choices are highlighted to serve as guidelines for future research in this hot topic.
Abstract: A wide variety of applications for road safety and traffic efficiency are intended to answer the urgent call for smarter, greener, and safer mobility. Although IEEE 802.11p is considered the de facto standard for on-the-road communications, stakeholders have recently started to investigate the usability of LTE to support vehicular applications. In this article, related work and running standardization activities are scanned and critically discussed; strengths and weaknesses of LTE as an enabling technology for vehicular communications are analyzed; and open issues and critical design choices are highlighted to serve as guidelines for future research in this hot topic.
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TL;DR: An overview of the long-term evolution-vehicle (LTE-V) standard supporting sidelink or vehicle-to-vehicles (V2V) communications using LTE's direct interface named PC5 in LTE and a modification to its distributed scheduling is presented.
Abstract: This article provides an overview of the long-term evolution-vehicle (LTE-V) standard supporting sidelink or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications using LTE's direct interface named PC5 in LTE. We review the physical layer changes introduced under Release 14 for LTE-V, its communication modes 3 and 4, and the LTE-V evolutions under discussion in Release 15 to support fifth-generation (5G) vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications and autonomous vehicles' applications. Modes 3 and 4 support direct V2V communications but differ on how they allocate the radio resources. Resources are allocated by the cellular network under mode 3. Mode 4 does not require cellular coverage, and vehicles autonomously select their radio resources using a distributed scheduling scheme supported by congestion control mechanisms. Mode 4 is considered the baseline mode and represents an alternative to 802.11p or dedicated shortrange communications (DSRC). In this context, this article also presents a detailed analysis of the performance of LTE-V sidelink mode 4, and proposes a modification to its distributed scheduling.
592 citations
Cites background from "LTE for vehicular networking: a sur..."
...11p uses a carriersense multiple access with collision avoidance medium-access scheme, and can face some challenges when guaranteeing strict reliability levels and ensuring the network’s scalability as the load increases [2]....
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TL;DR: A survey of potential DSRC and cellular interworking solutions for efficient V2X communications, together with the main interworking challenges resulting from vehicle mobility, such as vertical handover and network selection issues.
Abstract: Vehicle-to-anything (V2X) communications refer to information exchange between a vehicle and various elements of the intelligent transportation system (ITS), including other vehicles, pedestrians, Internet gateways, and transport infrastructure (such as traffic lights and signs). The technology has a great potential of enabling a variety of novel applications for road safety, passenger infotainment, car manufacturer services, and vehicle traffic optimization. Today, V2X communications is based on one of two main technologies: dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) and cellular networks. However, in the near future, it is not expected that a single technology can support such a variety of expected V2X applications for a large number of vehicles. Hence, interworking between DSRC and cellular network technologies for efficient V2X communications is proposed. This paper surveys potential DSRC and cellular interworking solutions for efficient V2X communications. First, we highlight the limitations of each technology in supporting V2X applications. Then, we review potential DSRC-cellular hybrid architectures, together with the main interworking challenges resulting from vehicle mobility, such as vertical handover and network selection issues. In addition, we provide an overview of the global DSRC standards, the existing V2X research and development platforms, and the V2X products already adopted and deployed in vehicles by car manufactures, as an attempt to align academic research with automotive industrial activities. Finally, we suggest some open research issues for future V2X communications based on the interworking of DSRC and cellular network technologies.
583 citations
Cites background from "LTE for vehicular networking: a sur..."
...Moreover, in an urban city with many buildings and high towers, V2X communications can experience intermittent connectivity due to channel fading and shadowing, which is spatially correlated with the fixed obstacle locations [36], [46], [52]....
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...Then, during network operation, the hierarchical levels are dynamically created and updated based on the variations in network topology, traffic load, etc....
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TL;DR: The fundamental issues in a platoon-based VCPS are discussed, including vehicle platooning/clustering, cooperative adaptive cruise control, platoon- based vehicular communications, etc., all of which are characterized by the tightly coupled relationship between traffic dynamics and VANET behaviors.
Abstract: Vehicles on the road with some common interests can cooperatively form a platoon-based driving pattern, in which a vehicle follows another vehicle and maintains a small and nearly constant distance to the preceding vehicle. It has been proved that, compared with driving individually, such a platoon-based driving pattern can significantly improve road capacity and energy efficiency. Moreover, with the emerging vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), the performance of a platoon in terms of road capacity, safety, energy efficiency, etc., can be further improved. On the other hand, the physical dynamics of vehicles inside the platoon can also affect the performance of a VANET. Such a complex system can be considered a platoon-based vehicular cyber-physical system (VCPS), which has attracted significant attention recently. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey on a platoon-based VCPS. We first review the related work of a platoon-based VCPS. We then introduce two elementary techniques involved in a platoon-based VCPS, i.e., the vehicular networking architecture and standards, and traffic dynamics, respectively. We further discuss the fundamental issues in a platoon-based VCPS, including vehicle platooning/clustering, cooperative adaptive cruise control, platoon-based vehicular communications, etc., all of which are characterized by the tightly coupled relationship between traffic dynamics and VANET behaviors. Since system verification is critical to VCPS development, we also give an overview of VCPS simulation tools. Finally, we share our view on some open issues that may lead to new research directions.
539 citations
Cites background from "LTE for vehicular networking: a sur..."
...Consequently, MTC enabled LTEA may potentially facilitate many vehicular applications, like floating car data (FCD), vehicle diagnosis and fleet management [45]....
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TL;DR: A comprehensive survey on recent wireless networks techniques applied to HetVNETs, which integrates cellular networks with dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) and major challenges and solutions that are related to both the Medium Access Control (MAC) and network layers in HetVsNETs are studied and discussed.
Abstract: With the rapid development of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), vehicular communication networks have been widely studied in recent years. Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) can provide efficient real-time information exchange among vehicles without the need of pervasive roadside communication infrastructure. Although mobile cellular networks are capable of providing wide coverage for vehicular users, the requirements of services that require stringent real-time safety cannot always be guaranteed by cellular networks. Therefore, the Heterogeneous Vehicular NETwork (HetVNET), which integrates cellular networks with DSRC, is a potential solution for meeting the communication requirements of the ITS. Although there are a plethora of reported studies on either DSRC or cellular networks, joint research of these two areas is still at its infancy. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on recent wireless networks techniques applied to HetVNETs. Firstly, the requirements and use cases of safety and non-safety services are summarized and compared. Consequently, a HetVNET framework that utilizes a variety of wireless networking techniques is presented, followed by the descriptions of various applications for some typical scenarios. Building such HetVNETs requires a deep understanding of heterogeneity and its associated challenges. Thus, major challenges and solutions that are related to both the Medium Access Control (MAC) and network layers in HetVNETs are studied and discussed in detail. Finally, we outline open issues that help to identify new research directions in HetVNETs.
494 citations
Cites background from "LTE for vehicular networking: a sur..."
...1) MBMS in LTE: LTE can support high-quality multicast and broadcast transmission via the eMBMS functions in the CN and RAN [2]....
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...Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/COMST.2015.2440103 AIFS Arbitration Interframe Space AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding CAM Cooperative Awareness Message CCH Control Channel CELL-DCH CELL Dedicated Channel CELL-FACH CELL Forward Access Channel CELL-PCH CELL Paging Channel CH Cluster Head CN Core Network CQI Channel Quality Indicator CRP Contention-based Reservation Period CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access CTS Clear-To-Send CW Contention Window D2D Device-to-Device DEN Decentralized Environmental Notification DMMAC Dedicated Multi-Channel MAC DOT Department of Transportation DS-CDMA Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access DSRC Dedicated Short Range Communication eMBMS Evolved Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service eNB Evolved NodeB EDCA Enhanced Distributed Channel Access EDCAF Enhanced Distributed Channel Access Function GW Gateway GI Guard Interval HetVNETs Heterogeneous Vehicular NETworks HLL Heterogeneous Link Layer I2V Infrastructure-to-Vehicle ICI Inter-Carrier Interference ITS Intelligent Transportation System LTE Long Term Evolution MAC Medium Access Control MBMS Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Services MBSFN MBMS Single Frequency Network MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output OBU On-Board Unit OVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor PCF Point Coordination Function QCI QoS Class Identifier QoS Quality of Service RAN Radio Access Network RRC Radio Resource Control 1553-877X © 2015 IEEE....
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...Moreover, the capability of LTE supporting vehicular applications is briefly assessed in [2]....
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...In this paper, we focus only on the RAN....
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...It is concluded in [2] that DENs should be handled with the highest...
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TL;DR: This paper proposes a hybrid architecture, namely, VMaSC-LTE, combining IEEE 802.11p-based multihop clustering and the fourth-generation (4G) cellular system, i.e., Long-Term Evolution (LTE), with the goal of achieving a high data packet delivery ratio (DPDR) and low delay while keeping the usage of the cellular architecture at a minimum level.
Abstract: Several vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) studies have focused on communication methods based on IEEE 802.11p, which forms the standard for wireless access for vehicular environments. In networks employing IEEE 802.11p only, the broadcast storm and disconnected network problems at high and low vehicle densities, respectively, degrade the delay and delivery ratio of safety message dissemination. Recently, as an alternative to the IEEE 802.11p-based VANET, the usage of cellular technologies has been investigated due to their low latency and wide-range communication. However, a pure cellular-based VANET communication is not feasible due to the high cost of communication between the vehicles and the base stations and the high number of handoff occurrences at the base station, considering the high mobility of the vehicles. This paper proposes a hybrid architecture, namely, VMaSC–LTE, combining IEEE 802.11p-based multihop clustering and the fourth-generation (4G) cellular system, i.e., Long-Term Evolution (LTE), with the goal of achieving a high data packet delivery ratio (DPDR) and low delay while keeping the usage of the cellular architecture at a minimum level. In VMaSC–LTE, vehicles are clustered based on a novel approach named Vehicular Multihop algorithm for Stable Clustering (VMaSC). The features of VMaSC are cluster head (CH) selection using the relative mobility metric calculated as the average relative speed with respect to the neighboring vehicles, cluster connection with minimum overhead by introducing a direct connection to the neighbor that is already a head or a member of a cluster instead of connecting to the CH in multiple hops, disseminating cluster member information within periodic hello packets, reactive clustering to maintain the cluster structure without excessive consumption of network resources, and efficient size- and hop-limited cluster merging mechanism based on the exchange of cluster information among CHs. These features decrease the number of CHs while increasing their stability, therefore minimizing the usage of the cellular architecture. From the clustered topology, elected CHs operate as dual-interface nodes with the functionality of the IEEE 802.11p and LTE interface to link the VANET to the LTE network. Using various key metrics of interest, including DPDR, delay, control overhead, and clustering stability, we demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed architecture compared with both previously proposed hybrid architectures and alternative routing mechanisms, including flooding and cluster-based routing via extensive simulations in ns-3 with the vehicle mobility input from the Simulation of Urban Mobility. The proposed architecture also allows achieving higher required reliability of the application quantified by the DPDR at the cost of higher LTE usage measured by the number of CHs in the network.
401 citations
Cites background from "LTE for vehicular networking: a sur..."
...Despite the high rate coupled with wide-range communication, however, a pure LTE-based architecture is not feasible for vehicular communication due to the high cost of LTE communication between the vehicles and the base stations, a high number of handoff occurrences at the base station considering the high mobility of vehicles, and overload of the base station by the broadcast of a high number of vehicles at high vehicle traffic density [24]–[26]....
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References
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TL;DR: A theoretical framework is provided which compares the basic patterns of both the technologies in the context of safety-of-life vehicular scenarios and presents mathematical models for the evaluation of the considered protocols in terms of successful beacon delivery probability.
Abstract: The concept of vehicular ad-hoc networks enables the design of emergent automotive safety applications, which are based on the awareness among vehicles. Recently, a suite of 802.11p/WAVE protocols aimed at supporting car-to-car communications was approved by IEEE. Existing cellular infrastructure and, above all 3GPP LTE, is being considered as another communication technology appropriate for vehicular applications. This letter provides a theoretical framework which compares the basic patterns of both the technologies in the context of safety-of-life vehicular scenarios. We present mathematical models for the evaluation of the considered protocols in terms of successful beacon delivery probability.
286 citations
14 Jun 2009
TL;DR: The paper addresses critical issues and functional blocks to enable D2D communication as an add-on functionality to the LTE SAE architecture and demonstrates that by tolerating a modest increase in interference, D1D communication with practical range becomes feasible.
Abstract: In this paper the possibility of device-to-device (D2D) communications as an underlay of an LTE-A network is introduced. The D2D communication enables new service opportunities and reduces the eNB load for short range data intensive peer-to-peer communication. The cellular network may establish a new type of radio bearer dedicated for D2D communications and stay in control of the session setup and the radio resources without routing the user plane traffic. The paper addresses critical issues and functional blocks to enable D2D communication as an add-on functionality to the LTE SAE architecture. Unlike 3G spread spectrum cellular and OFDM WLAN techniques, LTE-A resource management is fast and operates in high time-frequency resolution. This could allow the use of non-allocated time-frequency resources, or even partial reuse of the allocated resources for D2D with eNB controlled power constraints. The feasibility and the range of D2D communication, and its impact to the power margins of cellular communications are studied by simulations in two example scenarios. The results demonstrate that by tolerating a modest increase in interference, D2D communication with practical range becomes feasible. By tolerating higher interference power the D2D range will increase.
242 citations
01 Mar 2012
TL;DR: The proposed W-HCF (WAVE-based Hybrid Coordination Function) protocol leverages controlled access capabilities on top of the basic contention-based access of the IEEE 802.11p; it exploits vehicles' position information and coordination among WAVE providers in order to improve performances of delay-constrained and loss-sensitive non-safety applications.
Abstract: IEEE 80211p/WAVE (Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment) is the emerging standard to enable wireless access in the vehicular environment Most of the research contributions in this area has focused on safety-related applications, while comfort and information/entertainment applications (such as on board Internet access, point-of-interest notification, e-map download) have been considered only recently Notwithstanding, the user interest in this kind of applications is expected to become a big market driver in a near future In this paper, an extension to IEEE 80211p is proposed that is compliant with the multi-channel operation of the WAVE architecture and targets at the support of non-safety applications, while preserving the delivery of safety services The proposed W-HCF (WAVE-based Hybrid Coordination Function) protocol leverages controlled access capabilities on top of the basic contention-based access of the IEEE 80211p; it exploits vehicles' position information and coordination among WAVE providers in order to improve performances of delay-constrained and loss-sensitive non-safety applications
171 citations
"LTE for vehicular networking: a sur..." refers background in this paper
...Nonetheless, this technology suffers from scalability issues, unbounded delays, and lack of deterministic Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees [2]....
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01 Dec 2010
TL;DR: The study shows that UMTS will likely suffer from capacity limitations while LTE could perform reasonably well, and the focus is on the random access performance of the uplink channel.
Abstract: Vehicular safety communication promises to reduce accidents by assistance systems such as cross-traffic assistance. The information exchange is mostly foreseen to be handled via Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC). At intersections, DSRC reception is likely to be problematic due to Non-Line-Of-Sight reception conditions. Alternatively, the required information exchange could also be handled via cellular systems. While cellular systems provide potentially better coverage, they impose other performance constraints. This paper analyzes the suitability of UMTS and LTE for cross-traffic assistance as a worst case application in terms of load and latency demands. It investigates capacity and latency characteristics and discusses influence factors on performance as well as operational aspects. The focus is on the random access performance of the uplink channel. While cellular systems might have some advantages over DSRC, the study shows that UMTS will likely suffer from capacity limitations while LTE could perform reasonably well.
63 citations
31 Dec 2012
TL;DR: A smartphone-based platform is designed that exploits low-cost dedicated hardware to interact with sensors on board and in the vehicle surroundings that contributes to make the road transport greener, smarter, and safer.
Abstract: A massive research effort is recently going in the direction of interfacing cars with smartphones to offer valueadded services to driver and passengers. Such an interest is motivated by the large popularity of smartphones and by the observation that vehicles can act as effective collectors of information from the surrounding environment. Indeed, modern cars are endowed with several sensors forming an in-vehicle network, which provides kinematics information, automotive diagnostic services, etc. Cars can be further equipped with external sensing devices to monitor specific physical parameters, such as pollution, humidity, temperature, etc. If properly collected and delivered, such data can contribute to make the road transport greener, smarter, and safer. With the purpose of supporting and improving data collection and distribution, in this paper a smartphone-based platform is designed that exploits low-cost dedicated hardware to interact with sensors on board and in the vehicle surroundings. Retrieved data are classified and then opportunistically transmitted via the most convenient wireless interface to the specific remote control and monitoring center. A prototype is also developed to assess the technological feasibility of our conceived platform.
61 citations