LTE/LTE-A Random Access for Massive Machine-Type Communications in Smart Cities
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a collision resolution random access model for massive MTC over LTE/LTE-A. The proposed model basically resolves the preamble collisions instead of avoidance and targets the management of massive and bursty access attempts.
Abstract: Massive MTC over cellular networks is expected to be an integral part of wireless smart city applications. The LTE/LTE-A technology is a major candidate for provisioning of MTC applications. However, due to the diverse characteristics of payload size, transmission periodicity, power efficiency, and QoS requirement, MTC poses huge challenges to LTE/LTE-A technologies. In particular, efficient management of massive random access is one of the most critical challenges. In the case of massive random access attempts, the probability of preamble collision drastically increases, and thus the performance of LTE/LTE-A random access degrades sharply. In this context, this article reviews the current state-of-the-art proposals to control massive random access of MTC devices in LTE/LTE-A networks. The proposals are compared in terms of five major metrics: access delay, access success rate, power efficiency, QoS guarantee, and the effect on HTC. To this end, we propose a novel collision resolution random access model for massive MTC over LTE/LTE-A. Our proposed model basically resolves the preamble collisions instead of avoidance and targets the management of massive and bursty access attempts. Simulations of our proposed model show huge improvements in random access success rate compared to the standard slotted-Aloha- based models. The new model can also coexist with existing LTE/LTE-A MAC protocol and ensure high reliability and time-efficient network access.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a framework for the performance analysis of transmission scheduling with the QoS support along with the issues involved in short data packet transmission in the mMTC scenario and provide a detailed overview of the existing and emerging solutions toward addressing RAN congestion problem.
Abstract: The ever-increasing number of resource-constrained machine-type communication (MTC) devices is leading to the critical challenge of fulfilling diverse communication requirements in dynamic and ultra-dense wireless environments. Among different application scenarios that the upcoming 5G and beyond cellular networks are expected to support, such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communications (mMTCs), and ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLCs), the mMTC brings the unique technical challenge of supporting a huge number of MTC devices in cellular networks, which is the main focus of this paper. The related challenges include quality of service (QoS) provisioning, handling highly dynamic and sporadic MTC traffic, huge signalling overhead, and radio access network (RAN) congestion. In this regard, this paper aims to identify and analyze the involved technical issues, to review recent advances, to highlight potential solutions and to propose new research directions. First, starting with an overview of mMTC features and QoS provisioning issues, we present the key enablers for mMTC in cellular networks. Along with the highlights on the inefficiency of the legacy random access (RA) procedure in the mMTC scenario, we then present the key features and channel access mechanisms in the emerging cellular IoT standards, namely, LTE-M and narrowband IoT (NB-IoT). Subsequently, we present a framework for the performance analysis of transmission scheduling with the QoS support along with the issues involved in short data packet transmission. Next, we provide a detailed overview of the existing and emerging solutions toward addressing RAN congestion problem, and then identify potential advantages, challenges, and use cases for the applications of emerging machine learning (ML) techniques in ultra-dense cellular networks. Out of several ML techniques, we focus on the application of low-complexity $Q$ -learning approach in the mMTC scenario along with the recent advances toward enhancing its learning performance and convergence. Finally, we discuss some open research challenges and promising future research directions.
290 citations
TL;DR: This review provides a detailed comparison of the OSs designed for IoT devices on the basis of their architecture, scheduling methods, networking technologies, programming models, power and memory management methods, together with other features required for IoT applications.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) has become a reality. As the IoT is now becoming a far more common field, the demand for IoT technologies to manage the communication of devices with the rest of the world has increased. The IoT is connecting various individual devices called things and wireless sensor networks is also playing an important role. A thing can be defined as an embedded device based on a micro controller that can transmit and receive information. These devices are extremely low in power, memory, and resources. Therefore, the research community has recognized the importance of IoT device operating systems (OSs). An adequate OS with a kernel, networking, real-time capability, and more can make these devices flexible. This review provides a detailed comparison of the OSs designed for IoT devices on the basis of their architecture, scheduling methods, networking technologies, programming models, power and memory management methods, together with other features required for IoT applications. In addition, various applications, challenges, and case studies in the field of IoT research is discussed.
218 citations
TL;DR: A taxonomy of the current network traffic classification within the IoT context is presented and commercial and real-world use cases of the IoT traffic classification are exposed and open research issues and challenges in this domain are outlined.
144 citations
TL;DR: This paper identifies different ways to implement M2M communications in the UDNs from the perspectives of layered architecture, including physical, media access control, network, and application layers, and addresses security and network virtualization issues.
Abstract: To achieve 1000-fold capacity increase in 5G wireless communications, ultradense network (UDN) is believed to be one of the key enabling technologies. Most of the previous research activities on UDNs were based very much on human-to-human communications. However, to provide ubiquitous Internet of Things services, machine-to-machine (M2M) communications will play a critical role in 5G systems. As the number of machine-oriented connections increases, it is expected that supporting M2M communications is an essential requirement in all future UDNs. In this paper, we aim to bridge the gaps between M2M communications and UDNs, which were commonly considered as two separate issues in the literature. The paper begins with a brief introduction on M2M communications and UDNs, and then will discuss the issues on the roles of M2M communications in future UDNs. We will identify different ways to implement M2M communications in the UDNs from the perspectives of layered architecture, including physical, media access control, network, and application layers. Other two important issues, i.e., security and network virtualization, will also be addressed. Before the end of this paper, we will give a summary on identified research topics for future studies.
116 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a holistic view on wireless tactile Internet (TI) along with a thorough review of the existing state-of-the-art, to identify and analyze the involved technical issues, to highlight potential solutions and to propose future research directions.
Abstract: Tactile Internet (TI) is envisioned to create a paradigm shift from the content-oriented communications to steer/control-based communications by enabling real-time transmission of haptic information (i.e., touch, actuation, motion, vibration, surface texture) over Internet in addition to the conventional audiovisual and data traffics. This emerging TI technology, also considered as the next evolution phase of Internet of Things (IoT), is expected to create numerous opportunities for technology markets in a wide variety of applications ranging from teleoperation systems and Augmented/Virtual Reality (AR/VR) to automotive safety and eHealthcare towards addressing the complex problems of human society. However, the realization of TI over wireless media in the upcoming Fifth Generation (5G) and beyond networks creates various non-conventional communication challenges and stringent requirements in terms of ultra-low latency, ultra-high reliability, high data-rate connectivity, resource allocation, multiple access and quality-latency-rate tradeoff. To this end, this paper aims to provide a holistic view on wireless TI along with a thorough review of the existing state-of-the-art, to identify and analyze the involved technical issues, to highlight potential solutions and to propose future research directions. First, starting with the vision of TI and recent advances and a review of related survey/overview articles, we present a generalized framework for wireless TI in the Beyond 5G Era including a TI architecture, the main technical requirements, the key application areas and potential enabling technologies. Subsequently, we provide a comprehensive review of the existing TI works by broadly categorizing them into three main paradigms; namely, haptic communications, wireless AR/VR, and autonomous, intelligent and cooperative mobility systems. Next, potential enabling technologies across physical/Medium Access Control (MAC) and network layers are identified and discussed in detail. Also, security and privacy issues of TI applications are discussed along with some promising enablers. Finally, we present some open research challenges and recommend promising future research directions.
111 citations
References
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TL;DR: This work proposes the cooperative ACB for global stabilization and access load sharing to eliminate substantial defects in the ordinary ACB, thus significantly improving access delays.
Abstract: Supporting trillions of devices is the critical challenge in machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, which results in severe congestions in random access channels of cellular systems that have been recognized as promising scenarios enabling M2M communications. 3GPP thus developed the access class barring (ACB) for individual stabilization in each base station (BS). However, without cooperations among BSs, devices within dense areas suffer severe access delays. To facilitate devices escaping from continuous congestions, we propose the cooperative ACB for global stabilization and access load sharing to eliminate substantial defects in the ordinary ACB, thus significantly improving access delays.
257 citations
01 Dec 2011
TL;DR: Simulation results show that, unlike Extended Access Barring (EAB) and the current LTE-A medium access control (MAC) scheme, the proposed PRA architecture with the DAB scheme guarantees QoS, i.e., high success rate and low access delay, even under the worst case RAN overload in LTE-B networks.
Abstract: The rapid growth in the number of machine-type communications (MTC) devices causes the radio access network (RAN) to overload when a large number of MTC devices try to access the radio resources in a very short period. A Prioritized Random Access (PRA) scheme is proposed to efficiently solve the RAN overload problem and provide quality-of-service (QoS) for different classes of MTC devices in 3GPP LTE-A networks. This is achieved by pre-allocating random access channel (RACH) resources for different MTC classes with class-dependent backoff procedures and preventing a large number of simultaneous RACH attempts by using dynamic access barring (DAB). Simulation results show that, unlike Extended Access Barring (EAB) and the current LTE-A medium access control (MAC) scheme, the proposed PRA architecture with the DAB scheme guarantees QoS, i.e., high success rate and low access delay, even under the worst case RAN overload in LTE-A networks.
179 citations
TL;DR: The statistical properties of multiple-access contention tree algorithms with ternary feedback for an arbitrary degree of node are studied, demonstrating that in the limit of large n these quantities do not converge to a fixed mode, but contain an oscillating term as well.
Abstract: The Capetanakis-Tsybakov-Mikhailov (1978, 1979) contention tree algorithm provides an efficient scheme for multiaccessing a broadcast-communication channel. This paper studies the statistical properties of multiple-access contention tree algorithms with ternary feedback for an arbitrary degree of node. The particular quantities under investigation are the number of levels required for a random contender to have successful access, as well as the number of levels and the number of contention frames required to provide access for all contenders. Through classical Fourier analysis approximations to both the average and the variance are calculated as a function of the number of contenders n. It is demonstrated that in the limit of large n these quantities do not converge to a fixed mode, but contain an oscillating term as well.
89 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a novel random access (RA) scheme to increase the number of available preambles for the future M2M communication environment, which can accommodate a significantly larger number of machine nodes with much lower collision probability and shorter random access delay.
Abstract: We expect that the number of machine-to-machine (M2M) devices will rapidly increase in the near future due to a growing demand for a wide range of M2M applications such as e-health, public safety, surveillance, remote maintenance and control, and smart metering. Therefore, the future cellular networks should accommodate a large number of M2M devices and their random access (RA) requests at a specific time instant. In this letter, we propose a novel RA scheme to effectively increase the number of available preambles for the future M2M communication environment. The proposed scheme provides additional preambles by spatially partitioning a cell coverage into multiple group regions and reducing cyclic shift size in RA preambles. As a result, the proposed RA scheme can accommodate a significantly larger number of machine nodes with much lower collision probability and shorter random access delay, compared to a conventional RA scheme.
82 citations
Dissertation•
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: This letter proposes a novel RA scheme to effectively increase the number of available preambles for the future M2M communication environment by spatially partitioning a cell coverage into multiple group regions and reducing cyclic shift size in RAPreambles.
Abstract: We expect that the number of machine-to-machine (M2M) devices will rapidly increase in the near future due to a growing demand for a wide range of M2M applications such as e-health, public safety, surveillance, remote maintenance and control, and smart metering. Therefore, the future cellular networks should accommodate a large number of M2M devices and their random access (RA) requests at a specific time instant. In this letter, we propose a novel RA scheme to effectively increase the number of available preambles for the future M2M communication environment. The proposed scheme provides additional preambles by spatially partitioning a cell coverage into multiple group regions and reducing cyclic shift size in RA preambles. As a result, the proposed RA scheme can accommodate a significantly larger number of machine nodes with much lower collision probability and shorter random access delay, compared to a conventional RA scheme.
76 citations