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M-FAST(Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test)의 타당화 연구

01 Jun 2009-Vol. 28, Iss: 2, pp 427-447
TL;DR: M-FAST(Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test) as mentioned in this paper ) is a test for the detection of the presence of malignancy in the human body and has been shown to be useful in the diagnosis of cancer.
Abstract: 본 연구의 목적은 형사사법 현장에서 정신병리의 가장을 탐지하기 위해 고안된 M-FAST(Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test)를 국내에 소개하고, M-FAST의 신뢰도 및 타당도 검증을 통해 본 검사도구가 국내 표본을 대상으로 꾀병 탐지에 있어 적합한 지를 알아보는데 있다. 이를 위하여 K대학교에서 교양강좌를 수강하는 대학생(n=92), 그리고 국립 법무병원에서 정신감정으로 인해 입원해 있는 범죄자 집단(n=66)의 M-FAST 실시 자료가 분석에 사용되었다. M-FAST 전체 25문항의 내적 일치도는 신뢰도 계수 .90으로 매우 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 M-FAST의 7요인 구조에 대한 확인적 요인 분석이 실시되었다. 한편, MMPI-2 타당도 척도와의 상관관계 분석을 통하여 준거관련 타당도의 증거 또한 확인하였다. 전체 실험 참자가를 꾀병 집단과 솔직 응답 집단으로 재분류하여 M-FAST의 변별력을 살펴본 결과, M-FAST 총점과 모든 하위 척도에서 꾀병 집단이 솔직 응답 집단보다 유의하게 더 높은 점수를 보인 것으로 나타났다. 한편, ROC 분석 결과 M-FAST의 AUC는 .949로, 표준오차는 .017, p<.001, 95% 신뢰구간은 .9151에서 .982의 범위로 나타나 솔직 응답 집단과 꾀병 집단을 M-FAST가 효과적으로 구분하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, M-FAST 총점의 변별 기준점이 6점이었을 때 예측 정확률은 최대가 되는 것으로 확인되었다.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The SIMS is meta-analytically reviewed and concludes that it is able to differentiate well between instructed feigners and honest responders, and generates heightened scores in groups that are known to have a raised prevalence of feigning.
Abstract: We meta-analytically reviewed studies that used the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) to detect feigned psychopathology. We present weighted mean diagnostic accuracy and predictive power indices in various populations, based on 31 studies, including 61 subsamples and 4009 SIMS protocols. In addition, we provide normative data of patients, claimants, defendants, nonclinical adults, and various experimental feigners, based on 41 studies, including 125 subsamples and 4810 SIMS protocols. We conclude that the SIMS (1) is able to differentiate well between instructed feigners and honest responders; (2) generates heightened scores in groups that are known to have a raised prevalence of feigning (e.g., offenders who claim crime-related amnesia); (3) may overestimate feigning in patients who suffer from schizophrenia, intellectual disability, or psychogenic non-epileptic seizures; and (4) is fairly robust against coaching. The diagnostic power of the traditional cut scores of the SIMS (i.e., > 14 and > 16) is not so much limited by their sensitivity—which is satisfactory—but rather by their substandard specificity. This, however, can be worked around by combining the SIMS with other symptom validity measures and by raising the cut score, although the latter solution sacrifices sensitivity for specificity.

110 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...Another alternative is the Miller-Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST; Miller, 2001; see also Smith, 2008)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that veterans with mTBI+PTSD perform significantly lower on neuropsychological and psychiatric measures than veterans withmTBI-o or PTSD-o, and the results raise the possibility of mild but persisting cognitive changes following mT BI sustained during deployment.
Abstract: United States veterans of the Iraqi (Operation Iraqi Freedom [OIF]) and Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom [OEF]) conflicts have frequently returned from deployment after sustaining mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and enduring stressful events resulting in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A large number of returning service members have been diagnosed with both a history of mTBI and current PTSD. Substantial literature exists on the neuropsychological factors associated with mTBI and PTSD occurring separately; far less research has explored the combined effects of PTSD and mTBI. The current study employed neuropsychological and psychological measures in a sample of 251 OIF/OEF veterans to determine whether participants with a history of mTBI and current PTSD (mTBI+PTSD) have poorer cognitive and psychological outcomes than participants with mTBI only (mTBI-o), PTSD only (PTSD-o), or veteran controls (VC), when groups are comparable on intelligence quotient, education, and age. The m...

95 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of this study indicate that the RBS can add uniquely to the existing MMPi-2 and MMPI-2-RF validity scales in detecting symptom exaggeration associated with cognitive response bias.
Abstract: The present study extends the validation of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) Response Bias Scale (RBS; R. O. Gervais, Y. S. Ben-Porath, D. B. Wygant, & P. Green, 2007) in separate forensic samples composed of disability claimants and criminal defendants. Using cognitive symptom validity tests as response bias indicators, the RBS exhibited large effect sizes (Cohen's ds = 1.24 and 1.48) in detecting cognitive response bias in the disability and criminal forensic samples, respectively. The scale also added incremental prediction to the traditional MMPI-2 and the MMPI-2-RF overreporting validity scales in the disability sample and exhibited excellent specificity with acceptable sensitivity at cutoffs ranging from 90T to 120T. The results of this study indicate that the RBS can add uniquely to the existing MMPI-2 and MMPI-2-RF validity scales in detecting symptom exaggeration associated with cognitive response bias.

89 citations


Cites background from "M-FAST(Miller Forensic Assessment o..."

  • ...Moreover, it is recommended that future validation research examine the extent to which the RBS is asso- ciated with psychopathological symptom exaggeration on established response bias measures such as the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (Rogers, Bagby, & Dickens, 1992) or the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (Miller, 2001)....

    [...]

  • ...Moreover, it is recommended that future validation research examine the extent to which the RBS is associated with psychopathological symptom exaggeration on established response bias measures such as the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (Rogers, Bagby, & Dickens, 1992) or the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (Miller, 2001)....

    [...]

  • ...…research examine the extent to which the RBS is asso- ciated with psychopathological symptom exaggeration on established response bias measures such as the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (Rogers, Bagby, & Dickens, 1992) or the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (Miller, 2001)....

    [...]

Journal Article
TL;DR: This document is intended as a review of legal and psychiatric factors to offer practical guidance in the performance of forensic evaluations.
Abstract: This document is intended as a review of legal and psychiatric factors to offer practical guidance in the performance of forensic evaluations. It is a guideline developed through the participation of forensic psychiatrists who routinely conduct a variety of forensic assessments and who have

68 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Promising approaches and measures are available for identifying feigned ADHD but there is an immediate need for further research.
Abstract: In recent years, there is an increasing awareness that individuals may purposely feign or exaggerate symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to gain external incentives, including access to stimulant drugs or special academic accommodations. There are vast consequences of undetected feigned ADHD such as substantial costs covered by society for unnecessary assessments and treatments, unjustified occupation of limited medical resources and undermining society’s trust in the existence of the disorder or the effectiveness of treatment. In times of economic crisis and cost savings in the medical sector, the detection of feigned ADHD is of importance. This review briefly describes the research on this topic with an emphasis on the approaches available for detection of feigned ADHD (i.e., self-report questionnaires, personality inventories, cognitive tests used in routine neuropsychological assessment and tests specifically designed for detecting feigned cognitive dysfunction). Promising approaches and measures are available for identifying feigned ADHD but there is an immediate need for further research.

57 citations


Cites background or methods from "M-FAST(Miller Forensic Assessment o..."

  • ...…performed poorer than genuine ADHD patients; high specificity, however, moderate sensitivity - Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M- FAST; Miller 2001) ADHD simulators performed poorer than genuine ADHD patients; high specificity, however, low sensitivity - NV-MSVT (Green 2006)…...

    [...]

  • ..., W JP B W o o d co ck – Jo h n so n P sy ch o ed u ca ti o n al B at te ry , W M S W ec h sl er M em o ry S ca le (3 rd ed .) a In st ru ct ed si m u la to rs w er e su cc es sf u l in fe ig n in g sy m p to m s o f A D H D b N o n cr ed ib le in d iv id u al s co u ld n o t b ee n re li ab ly d is ti n g u is h ed fr o m A D H D p at ie n ts w h o g av e cr ed ib le ef fo rt Table 4 Tests and indices primarily used for the detection of feigning (e.g., stand-alone effort tests) References Study design Measure(s) Result Frazier et al. (2008) SD - Rey Fifteen-Item Test (Rey, 1964) - Validity Indicator Profile (VIP; Frederick 2002) - Victoria Symptom Validity Test (VSVT; Slick et al. 1997) No conclusion can be drawn because no patient group has been included Suhr et al. (2008) RD - Auditory Verbal Learning Test–Exaggeration Index (EIAVLTX; Barrash et al. 2004) High specificity, however, low sensitivity - Auditory Verbal Learning Test Recognition Score (Boone et al. 2005; Meyers et al. 2001) Noncredible ADHD group performed poorer than credible ADHD group; high specificity, however, low sensitivity - Digit Span Score (Iverson and Franzen 1994) High specificity, however, low sensitivity - Vocabulary–Digit Span Score (Greve et al. 2003) Moderate specificity, however, low sensitivity - Working Memory Index (Etherton et al. 2006) Noncredible ADHD group performed poorer than credible ADHD group; high specificity, however, low sensitivity Harrison et al. (2010) RD - Digit Span Validity Index (embedded in WAIS-III; Iverson and Tulsky 2003; Wechsler 1997a) High specificity, however, low sensitivity - Reliable Digit Span Validity Index (embedded in WAIS- III; Iverson and Tulsky 2003; Wechsler 1997a) High specificity, however, low sensitivity - Vocabulary–Digit Span Validity Index (embedded in WAIS-III; Iverson and Tulsky 2003; Wechsler 1997a) Moderate specificity, however, low sensitivity Marshall et al. (2010) RD - b Test (Boone et al. 2002b) High specificity, however, low sensitivity - C-CPT-II (Conners 2000) High specificity, however, moderate sensitivity - Dot Counting Test (Boone et al. 2002a) High specificity, however, low sensitivity - Forced Choice Recognition Test (CVLT-II; Delis et al. 2000; Root et al. 2006) High specificity, however, low sensitivity - Reliable Digit Span Score (Babikian et al. 2006) High specificity, however, low sensitivity - Sentence Repetition Test (Strauss et al. 2006) High specificity, however, low sensitivity - Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA; Greenberg et al. 1996) High specificity, however, moderate sensitivity - WMT (Green 2003) High specificity, however, moderate sensitivity Sollman et al. (2010) SD - DMT (Hiscock and Hiscock 1989) ADHD simulators performed poorer than genuine ADHD patients; high specificity, however, moderate sensitivity - Letter Memory Test (LMT; Inman et al. 1998; Schipper et al. 2008) ADHD simulators performed poorer than genuine ADHD patients; high specificity, however, moderate sensitivity - Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M- FAST; Miller 2001) ADHD simulators performed poorer than genuine ADHD patients; high specificity, however, low sensitivity - NV-MSVT (Green 2006) ADHD simulators performed poorer than genuine ADHD patients; high specificity, however, moderate sensitivity - TOMM (Tombaugh 1996) ADHD simulators performed poorer than genuine ADHD patients; however, moderate sensitivity and specificity Jasinski et al. (2011) SD - b Test (Boone et al. 2000) ADHD simulators performed poorer than genuine ADHD patients; high specificity, however, low sensitivity - DMT (Hiscock and Hiscock 1989) ADHD simulators performed poorer than genuine ADHD patients; high specificity, however, low sensitivity - Letter Memory Test (LMT; Inman et al. 1998) ADHD simulators performed poorer than genuine ADHD patients; high specificity, however, low sensitivity - NV-MSVT (Green 2006) ADHD simulators performed poorer than genuine ADHD patients; high specificity, however, low sensitivity - TOMM (Tombaugh 1996) ADHD simulators performed poorer than genuine ADHD patients; high specificity, however, low sensitivity SD simulation study design, RD retrospective study design/archival (clinical) data, C-CPT-II Conners Continuous Performance Test-II, CVLT-II California Verbal Learning Test-II, DMT Digit Memory Test, NV-MSVT Green’s Nonverbal-Medical Symptom Validity Test, TOMM Test of Memory Malingering, WAIS-III Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (3rd ed.)...

    [...]

  • ...- Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (MFAST; Miller 2001) ADHD simulators performed poorer than genuine ADHD patients; high specificity, however, low sensitivity...

    [...]

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The SIMS is meta-analytically reviewed and concludes that it is able to differentiate well between instructed feigners and honest responders, and generates heightened scores in groups that are known to have a raised prevalence of feigning.
Abstract: We meta-analytically reviewed studies that used the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) to detect feigned psychopathology. We present weighted mean diagnostic accuracy and predictive power indices in various populations, based on 31 studies, including 61 subsamples and 4009 SIMS protocols. In addition, we provide normative data of patients, claimants, defendants, nonclinical adults, and various experimental feigners, based on 41 studies, including 125 subsamples and 4810 SIMS protocols. We conclude that the SIMS (1) is able to differentiate well between instructed feigners and honest responders; (2) generates heightened scores in groups that are known to have a raised prevalence of feigning (e.g., offenders who claim crime-related amnesia); (3) may overestimate feigning in patients who suffer from schizophrenia, intellectual disability, or psychogenic non-epileptic seizures; and (4) is fairly robust against coaching. The diagnostic power of the traditional cut scores of the SIMS (i.e., > 14 and > 16) is not so much limited by their sensitivity—which is satisfactory—but rather by their substandard specificity. This, however, can be worked around by combining the SIMS with other symptom validity measures and by raising the cut score, although the latter solution sacrifices sensitivity for specificity.

110 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that veterans with mTBI+PTSD perform significantly lower on neuropsychological and psychiatric measures than veterans withmTBI-o or PTSD-o, and the results raise the possibility of mild but persisting cognitive changes following mT BI sustained during deployment.
Abstract: United States veterans of the Iraqi (Operation Iraqi Freedom [OIF]) and Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom [OEF]) conflicts have frequently returned from deployment after sustaining mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and enduring stressful events resulting in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A large number of returning service members have been diagnosed with both a history of mTBI and current PTSD. Substantial literature exists on the neuropsychological factors associated with mTBI and PTSD occurring separately; far less research has explored the combined effects of PTSD and mTBI. The current study employed neuropsychological and psychological measures in a sample of 251 OIF/OEF veterans to determine whether participants with a history of mTBI and current PTSD (mTBI+PTSD) have poorer cognitive and psychological outcomes than participants with mTBI only (mTBI-o), PTSD only (PTSD-o), or veteran controls (VC), when groups are comparable on intelligence quotient, education, and age. The m...

95 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of this study indicate that the RBS can add uniquely to the existing MMPi-2 and MMPI-2-RF validity scales in detecting symptom exaggeration associated with cognitive response bias.
Abstract: The present study extends the validation of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) Response Bias Scale (RBS; R. O. Gervais, Y. S. Ben-Porath, D. B. Wygant, & P. Green, 2007) in separate forensic samples composed of disability claimants and criminal defendants. Using cognitive symptom validity tests as response bias indicators, the RBS exhibited large effect sizes (Cohen's ds = 1.24 and 1.48) in detecting cognitive response bias in the disability and criminal forensic samples, respectively. The scale also added incremental prediction to the traditional MMPI-2 and the MMPI-2-RF overreporting validity scales in the disability sample and exhibited excellent specificity with acceptable sensitivity at cutoffs ranging from 90T to 120T. The results of this study indicate that the RBS can add uniquely to the existing MMPI-2 and MMPI-2-RF validity scales in detecting symptom exaggeration associated with cognitive response bias.

89 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: This document is intended as a review of legal and psychiatric factors to offer practical guidance in the performance of forensic evaluations.
Abstract: This document is intended as a review of legal and psychiatric factors to offer practical guidance in the performance of forensic evaluations. It is a guideline developed through the participation of forensic psychiatrists who routinely conduct a variety of forensic assessments and who have

68 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Promising approaches and measures are available for identifying feigned ADHD but there is an immediate need for further research.
Abstract: In recent years, there is an increasing awareness that individuals may purposely feign or exaggerate symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to gain external incentives, including access to stimulant drugs or special academic accommodations. There are vast consequences of undetected feigned ADHD such as substantial costs covered by society for unnecessary assessments and treatments, unjustified occupation of limited medical resources and undermining society’s trust in the existence of the disorder or the effectiveness of treatment. In times of economic crisis and cost savings in the medical sector, the detection of feigned ADHD is of importance. This review briefly describes the research on this topic with an emphasis on the approaches available for detection of feigned ADHD (i.e., self-report questionnaires, personality inventories, cognitive tests used in routine neuropsychological assessment and tests specifically designed for detecting feigned cognitive dysfunction). Promising approaches and measures are available for identifying feigned ADHD but there is an immediate need for further research.

57 citations