Macromolecular coupling agents for flame retardant materials
TL;DR: In this paper, polypropylene (PP) was modified with vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) and maleic anhydride (MA) and the products were used as coupling agents for PP/aluminum hydroxide (ATH) composites.
About: This article is published in European Polymer Journal.The article was published on 2006-05-01. It has received 59 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Vinyltriethoxysilane & Fire retardant.
Citations
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TL;DR: Results indicated that PP/PA-APP composite exhibited superior performance compared with PP/APP composite, and the oxygen index value of PP containing 22 wt % of PA-APP reached 31.2%, which increased by 58.4% compared with that of PP with equal amount of APP.
Abstract: We found in our previous study that ethylenediamine- or ethanolamine-modified ammonium polyphosphates could be used alone as an intumescent flame retardant for polypropylene (PP), but their flame-retardant efficiency was not very high. In this present work, a novel highly-efficient mono-component polymeric intumescent flame retardant, piperazine-modified ammonium polyphosphate (PA-APP) was prepared. The oxygen index value of PP containing 22 wt % of PA-APP reached 31.2%, which increased by 58.4% compared with that of PP with equal amount of APP, and the vertical burning test (UL-94) could pass V-0 rating. Cone calorimeter (CC) results indicated that PP/PA-APP composite exhibited superior performance compared with PP/APP composite. For PP containing 25 wt % of PA-APP, fire growth rate (FGR) and smoke production rate (SPR) peak were reduced by 86.4% and 78.2%, respectively, compared with PP blended with 25 wt % APP. The relevant flame-retardant mechanism of PA-APP was investigated by Fourier transform infra...
243 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the flammability, thermal stability and mechanical properties of natural fiber-reinforced thermoplastic bio-composites were measured using a horizontal burning test, thermogravimetric analyzer, and universal testing machine, respectively.
174 citations
TL;DR: This paper reviews the literature on the recent developments on flammability studies of bio-fibres, biopolymers and natural fibre-reinforced biocomposites, and covers the different types of flame retardants used and their mechanisms.
150 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a graft copolymerization macromolecular coupling agents (LMPB-g-MAH) of maleic anhydride (MAH), was applied to low-molecular-weight polybutadiene liquid rubber in dimethylbenzene to improve the dispersibility of nano-SiO 2 particles.
98 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of ATH on properties such as density, compressive strength, morphological, thermal conductivity, thermal stability, flame-retardant (FR) behavior, and smoke characteristics were studied.
Abstract: Rigid polyurethane foam (PUF) filled with mixture of alumina trihydrate (ATH) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) as fire retardant additive was prepared with water as a blowing agent. In this study, the ATH content was varied from 10 to 100 parts per hundred polyol by weight (php), and TPP was used at a higher loading of ATH (75 and 100 php) in a ratio of 1 : 5 to enhance the processing during PUF preparation. The effects of ATH on properties such as density, compressive strength, morphological, thermal conductivity, thermal stability, flame-retardant (FR) behavior, and smoke characteristics were studied. The density and compressive strength of the ATH-filled PUF decreased initially and then increased with further increase in ATH content. There was no significant change in the thermal stability with increasing ATH loading. We determined the FR properties of these foam samples by measuring the limiting oxygen index (LOI), smoke density, rate of burning, and char yield. The addition of ATH with TPP to PUF significantly decreased the flame-spread rate and increased LOI. The addition of TPP resulted in easy processing and also improved FR characteristics of the foam. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
96 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, five principal types of generic flame retardant systems for inclusion in polypropylene fibres have been identified as phosphorus-containing, halogen-containing and silicon-containing.
515 citations
"Macromolecular coupling agents for ..." refers background in this paper
...PP and PP composites have been largely used in many applications mainly due to their low cost and good properties [1]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, Lignin has been investigated as flame retardant for isotactic polypropylene (PP) by means of thermogravimetric analysis in nitrogen and cone calorimetry with incident heat flux exposure.
177 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of polymeric compatibilizers on the properties of the composites was studied by tensile and impact tests, dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, morphology studies, and flammability tests.
153 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of both the nanofillers and the protective layers are reported and discussed, under different ventilation conditions, and the relationship between equivalence ratio and hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide yield is focussed upon.
104 citations
"Macromolecular coupling agents for ..." refers background in this paper
...This peak can be due to water elimination from ATH [28]....
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...Once in a while some released water can disrupt the oxide layer allowing PP decomposition to occur in lower temperatures than that observed under nitrogen [28]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, two types of aluminum trihydrate (ATH), with or without surface treatment, and mica were incorporated into TPU composites to obtain good flame retardancy in TPU-mica composites.
87 citations
"Macromolecular coupling agents for ..." refers background in this paper
...It is an easily handled and relatively non-toxic material used for elastomers [3,4], termorigid resins [5] and thermoplastics [6–8]....
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