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Macrophage-to-Myofibroblast Transition Contributes to Interstitial Fibrosis in Chronic Renal Allograft Injury.

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TLDR
Macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition contributes to interstitial fibrosis in chronic renal allograft injury and the transition of bone marrow-derived M2-type macrophages to my ofibroblasts in the renalAllograft is regulated via a Smad3-dependent mechanism.
Abstract
Interstitial fibrosis is an important contributor to graft loss in chronic renal allograft injury. Inflammatory macrophages are associated with fibrosis in renal allografts, but how these cells contribute to this damaging response is not clearly understood. Here, we investigated the role of macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition in interstitial fibrosis in human and experimental chronic renal allograft injury. In biopsy specimens from patients with active chronic allograft rejection, we identified cells undergoing macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition by the coexpression of macrophage (CD68) and myofibroblast (α-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA]) markers. CD68+/α-SMA+ cells accounted for approximately 50% of the myofibroblast population, and the number of these cells correlated with allograft function and the severity of interstitial fibrosis. Similarly, in C57BL/6J mice with a BALB/c renal allograft, cells coexpressing macrophage markers (CD68 or F4/80) and α-SMA composed a significant population in the interstitium of allografts undergoing chronic rejection. Fate-mapping in Lyz2-Cre/Rosa26-Tomato mice showed that approximately half of α-SMA+ myofibroblasts in renal allografts originated from recipient bone marrow-derived macrophages. Knockout of Smad3 protected against interstitial fibrosis in renal allografts and substantially reduced the number of macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition cells. Furthermore, the majority of macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition cells in human and experimental renal allograft rejection coexpressed the M2-type macrophage marker CD206, and this expression was considerably reduced in Smad3-knockout recipients. In conclusion, our studies indicate that macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition contributes to interstitial fibrosis in chronic renal allograft injury. Moreover, the transition of bone marrow-derived M2-type macrophages to myofibroblasts in the renal allograft is regulated via a Smad3-dependent mechanism.

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Macrophages: versatile players in renal inflammation and fibrosis

TL;DR: The induction of MMT, via the Src-centric regulatory network mediated by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1)–Smad3, serves as a key checkpoint in the progression of chronic inflammation to renal fibrosis.
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Central role of dysregulation of TGF-β/Smad in CKD progression and potential targets of its treatment

TL;DR: TGF-β/Smad signaling is an important pathway that mediates renal fibrosis and inflammation and an effective target of anti-fibrotic therapies for treatment of CKD.
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Macrophage and Fibroblast Interactions in Biomaterial-Mediated Fibrosis.

TL;DR: The role of M1 and M2 macrophages (and soluble cues) involved in the fibrous encapsulation of biomaterials in vivo is investigated, with additional focus on fibroblast and macrophage crosstalk in vitro along with in vitro models to study the foreign body response.
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Natural Products as a Source for Antifibrosis Therapy

TL;DR: Natural products can target these mediators and inhibit chronic inflammation, myofibroblast activation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and extracellular matrix accumulation to alleviate fibrosis and provide new strategies to find antifibrotic drugs.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Conditional gene targeting in macrophages and granulocytes using LysMcre mice.

TL;DR: The generation of mice that express Cre in myeloid cells due to targeted insertion of the cre cDNA into their endogenous M lysozyme locus is reported, allowing for both specific and highly efficient Cre–mediated deletion of loxP–flanked target genes in myELoid cells.
Journal ArticleDOI

Origin and function of myofibroblasts in kidney fibrosis.

TL;DR: The data suggest that targeting diverse pathways is required to substantially inhibit the composite accumulation of myofibroblasts in kidney fibrosis, and specific deletion of Tgfbr2 in α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)+ cells revealed the importance of this pathway in the recruitment of my ofibro Blasts through differentiation.
Journal ArticleDOI

Targeted disruption of SMAD3 results in impaired mucosal immunity and diminished T cell responsiveness to TGF-β

TL;DR: The data suggest that SMAD3 has an important role in TGF‐β‐mediated regulation of T cell activation and mucosal immunity, and that the loss of these functions is responsible for chronic infection and the lethality of Smad3‐null mice.
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