Malaria research for malaria eradication.
01 Mar 1965-Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (No longer published by Elsevier)-Vol. 59, Iss: 2, pp 105-137
About: This article is published in Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.The article was published on 1965-03-01. It has received 33 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Malaria & Chloroquine.
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TL;DR: The incidence of malaria today is greater than 40 years ago and is increasing because of antimalarial drug resistance, insecticide resistance, and the effects of civil strife—dislocation of susceptible refugee populations from nonendemic areas to areas with malaria transmission.
Abstract: Malaria is a clear example of a reemerging disease. The annual number of cases (incidence) fell sharply 30-35 years ago as the result of a malaria eradication campaign (1, 2). At that time, malaria was eliminated from Europe, most Asian regions of the USSR, the United States, and most of the Caribbean (3). However, it was not eradicated in Southeast Asia, South America, or Africa, and has reemerged in Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and elsewhere (3). Thus, the incidence of malaria today is greater than 40 years ago and is increasing because of antimalarial drug resistance (4, 5), insecticide resistance (6), and the effects of civil strife—dislocation of susceptible refugee populations from nonendemic areas to areas with malaria transmission (7, 8). The incidence of malaria complications (morbidity) and deaths (mortality) is likewise increasing because of drug resistance (9). These changes also reflect the failure thus far of alternative control strategies, such as vaccine development. The net result is that the increasing morbidity and mortality of malaria affect not only the health of the developing world, but also (prevent) its economic development. This review begins by examining the two major reasons that the malaria eradication campaign was unsuccessful, antimalarial drug resistance and insecticide resistance. It then examines alternative malaria control strategies such as the development of antimalarial agents effective against drug-resistant parasites, of bednets and curtains impregnated with pyrethroid insecticides, and of malaria vaccines, concluding with a discussion of
141 citations
Cites background from "Malaria research for malaria eradic..."
...eradication program (1, 6) and was responsible for many of its initial successes (3, 102, 103)....
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TL;DR: The chapter discusses immunity in malaria, an old subject that contains considerable current interest, and is of considerable value as a reference for all immunologists.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the immunological aspects of malaria infection. The chapter is particularly concerned with specific acquired immunity to malaria and includes a discussion only of innate and nonspecific resistance. The chapter discusses immunity in malaria, an old subject that contains considerable current interest. New methods for the study of the relevant antibodies and a new appreciation for a role for cell-mediated immunity are responsible for this development. The very diverse contributions to this subject present unusual difficulties for a reviewer. However, a clear and interesting summary of the subject has emerged and is of considerable value as a reference for all immunologists. In adults, malaria sometimes occurs as epidemics but more often it is insidious in its effect; it reduces the vigor of communities and by its continued presence causes a retardation of social and economic growth. The effect of malaria on a community is accentuated by the occurrence of other endemic diseases such as schistosomiasis and hookworm. Suggestions are made in recent years to revise the nomenclature of malaria parasites and to institute several new genera.
86 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that control strategies need to be reorientated from a sequential attack on each species, dominated by Plasmodium falciparum to one that targets all species in parallel, to mitigate the potential setbacks on the pathway to a malaria-free world.
Abstract: Important strides have been made within the past decade toward malaria elimination in many regions, and with this progress, the feasibility of eradication is once again under discussion. If the ambitious goal of eradication is to be achieved by 2040, all species of Plasmodium infecting humans will need to be targeted with evidence-based and concerted interventions. In this perspective, the potential barriers to achieving global malaria elimination are discussed with respect to the related diversities in host, parasite, and vector populations. We argue that control strategies need to be reorientated from a sequential attack on each species, dominated by Plasmodium falciparum to one that targets all species in parallel. A set of research themes is proposed to mitigate the potential setbacks on the pathway to a malaria-free world.
63 citations
TL;DR: An elaborate follow-up procedure must be adopted before a new drug discovered by screening can be prepared and passed for clinical trial, and the “Quinine Index” should be replaced by a “Chloroquine Index".
Abstract: Largely because of the emergence of P. falciparum strains resistant to modern antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine, there is a new surge of interest in malaria chemotherapy. Various in vitro systems for drug screening are reviewed. There is some hope that automated techniques may be of value in the future. Drug screening in the mosquito vectors can give useful leads to compounds with sporontocidal action, and is relatively cheap and easy. P. berghei in the albino mouse is replacing older laboratory models with various avian malarias for in vivo screening. Drug resistant as well as sensitive lines of P. berghei are available for drug screening, and resulting data may readily be interpolated in terms of chemotherapy of P. falciparum infection in man. Standardized techniques which must be adopted with the P. berghei test are discussed. The “Quinine Index” should be replaced by a “Chloroquine Index.” An elaborate follow-up procedure must be adopted before a new drug discovered by screening can be prepared and passed for clinical trial.
52 citations
49 citations
References
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TL;DR: Prognosis for Interruption of Malaria Transmission Through Assessment of the Mosquito's Vectorial Capacity is positive and indicates that theMosquito’s vectorial capacity may have changed during the transmission of malaria.
Abstract: Prognosis for Interruption of Malaria Transmission Through Assessment of the Mosquito's Vectorial Capacity
413 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1964
TL;DR: This guide for practising pharmacologists should also enable biochemists, physiologists and others to perform pharmacometric evaluations of which they have had no previous experience.
Abstract: The object of this book is to provide a review and a critical discussion of general and special pharmacological techniques used in the search for new drugs. In what has been called pharmacometrics, a study is made of a single substance or a comparison is made between two or more substances to determine relative biological activities as a guide to therapeutic values. General considerations, including methodological principles and statistical procedures, are the subject of detailed discussion in the first seven chapters. The other thirty-four chapters deal with the individual kinds of drug activity, as characterised by the nature of the target organ or tissue to be affected or by the pharmacological procedure involved. This guide for practising pharmacologists should also enable biochemists, physiologists and others to perform pharmacometric evaluations of which they have had no previous experience. An appendix gives the compositions of various organ bath solutions in current use.
396 citations
TL;DR: Investigations into the incidence and degree of malarial infection in 551 African parturient women in Lagos an urban and semi urban area of Southern Nigeria and their newborn infants revealed that acute malaria can be incriminated as the cause of death in 9% of infants in 14% of children aged 1-4 years in 9%, children aged 5-7 years in 4% of older children and in 2% of adolescents.
Abstract: 2 series of investigations into the incidence and degree of malarial infection in 551 African parturient women in Lagos an urban and semi urban area of Southern Nigeria and their newborn infants were carried out during 1948-50. The routine technique of the investigation consisted of taking blood slides from the peripheral circulation of the mother and her newborn within 6-24 hours of delivery. A blood slide was made from a deep layer of a piece of the maternal placenta excised near the center. The weight of all newborn infants was recorded and whenever possible the progress of the infants was followed up throughout the neonatal period. The weight of all newborn infants was recorded and whenever possible the progress of the infants was followed up throughout the neonatal period. The mean incidence of malarial parasitaemia (mainly due to Plasmodium falciparum) in the sample of 323 Africa parturient women was found to be 33% somewhat higher than the usual parasite rate of the adult indigenous population. The incidence of malarial infection of the placenta was 23.8%. There were no cases of congenital malaria in 332 babies born of these mothers. The mean weight at birth of 237 babies born of mothers whose placentae were noninfected was 145 mg higher than that of 73 babies born of mothers whose placentae were found to be infected. The difference was statistically significant. There was no apparent correlation between neonatal mortality and infection of the placenta. Periodic investigation of a sample of 138 African infants followed up from the age of about 1 month through the 1st year of life and through part of the 2nd year showed that the mean parasite rate due principally to P. falciparum increased from 2.2% during the 1st quarter year to 20% in the 2nd quarter to 60-70% during the 3rd and 4th quarters and to over 80% thereafter. The infection rate when calculated in relation to the known length of exposure to infection shows that an equally long exposure leads to different frequencies of infection in the various age groups of the sample of infants investigated and that in the age group 1-3 months the parasite rate was significantly lower than might have been expected. Periodic follow-up of the mean weight curves of infection and noninfected infants indicated that the curves of both groups showed a considerable flattening out at about 5 months of age and later and that the flattening out is more pronounced in the infected group than in the noninfected. Records of 3540 autopsies performed upon children in Lagos during the years 1933-50 revealed that acute malaria can be incriminated as the cause of death in 9% of infants in 14% of children aged 1-4 years in 9% of children aged 5-7 years in 4% of older children and in 2% of adolescents. The number of deaths due to direct effects of malaria in the Nigerian population under 15 years of age amount to 35000/annum.
284 citations
TL;DR: (1955b).
Abstract: (1955b). Neural Control of the Pituitary Gland, p. 150. Arnold, London. Hartman, F. A., and Brownell, K. A. (1930). Science, 72, 76. Hays, E. H., and White, W. F. (1954). Recent Progr. Hormone Res., 10, 265. Hechter, O., Jacobsen, R. P., Jeanloz, R. W., Levy, H., Marshall, C. W., Pincus, G., and Schenker, V. (1950). Arch. Biochem., 25, 457. Hellman, L., Bradlow, H. L., Adesman, J., Fukushima, D. K., Kulp, J. L., and Gallagher, T. F. (1954). J. din. Invest., 33. 1106. Henriques, S. B., Henriques, 0. B., and Selye, H. (1949). Endocrinology, 45, 153. Hill, R. T. (1948). Ibid., 42, 339. Hill, S. R., Reiss, R. J.. Forsham, P. H., and Thorn, G. W. (1950). J.
201 citations
TL;DR: Transmission of Plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii from rhesus monkeys to two human subjects by Anopheles freeborni and the occurrence of attacks of malaria in two other laboratory workers not exposed to human malaria suggests the existence of an animal reservoir of infection complicating malaria control and eradication.
Abstract: Transmission of Plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii from rhesus monkeys to two human subjects by Anopheles freeborni and the occurrence of attacks of malaria in two other laboratory workers not exposed to human malaria suggests the existence of an animal reservoir of infection complicating malaria control and eradication.
105 citations