Manganese oxides for lithium batteries
About: This article is published in Progress in Solid State Chemistry.The article was published on 1997-01-01. It has received 1332 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Lithium vanadium phosphate battery & Lithium.
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TL;DR: This work has shown that combination of pseudo-capacitive nanomaterials, including oxides, nitrides and polymers, with the latest generation of nanostructured lithium electrodes has brought the energy density of electrochemical capacitors closer to that of batteries.
Abstract: Electrochemical capacitors, also called supercapacitors, store energy using either ion adsorption (electrochemical double layer capacitors) or fast surface redox reactions (pseudo-capacitors). They can complement or replace batteries in electrical energy storage and harvesting applications, when high power delivery or uptake is needed. A notable improvement in performance has been achieved through recent advances in understanding charge storage mechanisms and the development of advanced nanostructured materials. The discovery that ion desolvation occurs in pores smaller than the solvated ions has led to higher capacitance for electrochemical double layer capacitors using carbon electrodes with subnanometre pores, and opened the door to designing high-energy density devices using a variety of electrolytes. Combination of pseudo-capacitive nanomaterials, including oxides, nitrides and polymers, with the latest generation of nanostructured lithium electrodes has brought the energy density of electrochemical capacitors closer to that of batteries. The use of carbon nanotubes has further advanced micro-electrochemical capacitors, enabling flexible and adaptable devices to be made. Mathematical modelling and simulation will be the key to success in designing tomorrow's high-energy and high-power devices.
14,213 citations
TL;DR: This paper will describe lithium batteries in more detail, building an overall foundation for the papers that follow which describe specific components in some depth and usually with an emphasis on the materials behavior.
Abstract: In the previous paper Ralph Brodd and Martin Winter described the different kinds of batteries and fuel cells. In this paper I will describe lithium batteries in more detail, building an overall foundation for the papers that follow which describe specific components in some depth and usually with an emphasis on the materials behavior. The lithium battery industry is undergoing rapid expansion, now representing the largest segment of the portable battery industry and dominating the computer, cell phone, and camera power source industry. However, the present secondary batteries use expensive components, which are not in sufficient supply to allow the industry to grow at the same rate in the next decade. Moreover, the safety of the system is questionable for the large-scale batteries needed for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). Another battery need is for a high-power system that can be used for power tools, where only the environmentally hazardous Ni/ Cd battery presently meets the requirements. A battery is a transducer that converts chemical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. It contains an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte. The anode, in the case of a lithium battery, is the source of lithium ions. The cathode is the sink for the lithium ions and is chosen to optimize a number of parameters, discussed below. The electrolyte provides for the separation of ionic transport and electronic transport, and in a perfect battery the lithium ion transport number will be unity in the electrolyte. The cell potential is determined by the difference between the chemical potential of the lithium in the anode and cathode, ∆G ) -EF. As noted above, the lithium ions flow through the electrolyte whereas the electrons generated from the reaction, Li ) Li+ + e-, go through the external circuit to do work. Thus, the electrode system must allow for the flow of both lithium ions and electrons. That is, it must be both a good ionic conductor and an electronic conductor. As discussed below, many electrochemically active materials are not good electronic conductors, so it is necessary to add an electronically conductive material such as carbon * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone and fax: (607) 777-4623. E-mail: stanwhit@binghamton.edu. 4271 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4271−4301
5,475 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the key technological developments and scientific challenges for a broad range of Li-ion battery electrodes is presented, and the potential/capacity plots are used to compare many families of suitable materials.
5,057 citations
TL;DR: This Review introduces several typical energy storage systems, including thermal, mechanical, electromagnetic, hydrogen, and electrochemical energy storage, and the current status of high-performance hydrogen storage materials for on-board applications and electrochemicals for lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors.
Abstract: [Liu, Chang; Li, Feng; Ma, Lai-Peng; Cheng, Hui-Ming] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Met Res, Shenyang Natl Lab Mat Sci, Shenyang 110016, Peoples R China.;Cheng, HM (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Met Res, Shenyang Natl Lab Mat Sci, 72 Wenhua Rd, Shenyang 110016, Peoples R China;cheng@imr.ac.cn
4,105 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the pseudocapacitance properties of transition metal oxides have been investigated and a review of the most relevant pseudo-capacitive materials in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes is presented.
Abstract: Electrochemical energy storage technology is based on devices capable of exhibiting high energy density (batteries) or high power density (electrochemical capacitors). There is a growing need, for current and near-future applications, where both high energy and high power densities are required in the same material. Pseudocapacitance, a faradaic process involving surface or near surface redox reactions, offers a means of achieving high energy density at high charge–discharge rates. Here, we focus on the pseudocapacitive properties of transition metal oxides. First, we introduce pseudocapacitance and describe its electrochemical features. Then, we review the most relevant pseudocapacitive materials in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes. The major challenges for pseudocapacitive materials along with a future outlook are detailed at the end.
3,930 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, a new system LixCoO2 (0 Li x CoO 2 Li ) is proposed, which shows low overvoltages and good reversibility for current densities up to 4 mA cm−2 over a large range of x.
2,960 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a defect spinel-framework structure was examined in nonaqueous lithium cells and it was shown that the lattice dimension did not change during the reaction since the reaction consists of lithium ion and electron insertion into/extraction from the solid matrix without a noticeable change in lattice dimensions.
Abstract: having a defect spinel‐framework structure was prepared and examined in non‐aqueous lithium cells. (white in color) was reduced to (dark blue) at a voltage of 1.55 V and the reaction was highly reversible. X‐ray diffraction measurements indicated that the lattice dimension did not change during the reactionSince the reaction consists of lithium ion and electron insertion into/extraction from the solid matrix without a noticeable change in lattice dimension, called a zero‐strain insertion reaction, capacity failure due to the damage to the solid matrix was not observed even after 100 cycles. Feasibility of zero‐strain insertion materials for advanced batteries is discussed based on the experimental results.
1,779 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Li has been inserted chemically and electrochemically into Mn3O4 and Li[Mn2]O4 at room temperature from X-ray diffraction.
1,555 citations
TL;DR: In this article, high precision voltage measurements and in situ x-ray diffraction indicate a sequence of three distinct phase transitions as varies from 1 to 0.4, two of which are situated slightly above and below and are caused by an order/disorder transition of the lithium ions.
Abstract: Electrochemical properties of are studied as Li is deintercalated from . High precision voltage measurements and in situ x‐ray diffraction indicate a sequence of three distinct phase transitions as varies from 1 to 0.4. Two of the transitions are situated slightly above and below and are caused by an order/disorder transition of the lithium ions. The order/disorder transition is studied as a function of temperature allowing the determination of an order/disorder phase diagram. In situ x‐ray diffraction measurements facilitate a direct observation of the effects of deintercalation on the host lattice crystal structure. The other phase transition is shown to be first order (coexisting phases are observed for ) involving a significant expansion of the parameter of the hexagonal unit cell. We report the variation of the lattice constants of with and show that the phase transition to the lithium ordered phase near is accompanied by a lattice distortion to a monoclinic unit cell with , , and . Finally we report an overall phase diagram for and .
1,529 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors improved the rechargeable capacity of 4 V LixMn2O4 spinel cathodes by modifying the composition of the spinel electrode, achieving a capacity in excess of 100 mAh/g in flooded-electrolyte lithium cells.
1,331 citations