Mantle Samples Included in Volcanic Rocks: Xenoliths and Diamonds

doi:10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/02005-3

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Mantle Samples Included in Volcanic Rocks: Xenoliths and Diamonds

Book Chapter•DOI•

Mantle Samples Included in Volcanic Rocks: Xenoliths and Diamonds

D.G. Pearson¹, Dante Canil, Steven B. Shirey•Institutions (1)

Durham University¹

01 Dec 2003-Treatise on Geochemistry-Vol. 2, pp 169-253

TL;DR: A review of the geochemistry of mantle xenoliths can be found in this article, where the authors review the geochemical properties of mantle nodules and find that they are dominantly alkaline in nature.

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Abstract: Fragments of the Earth’s mantle are frequently transported to the surface via volcanic rocks that are dominantly alkaline in nature. These fragments range up to sizes in excess of 1 m across. The term “mantle xenoliths” or “mantle nodules” is applied to all rock and mineral inclusions of presumed mantle derivation that are found within host rocks of volcanic origin. The purpose of this contribution is to review the geochemistry of mantle xenoliths.

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Book Chapter•DOI•

Cosmochemical Estimates of Mantle Composition

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Herbert Palme, Hugh St. C. O'Neill

01 Jan 2014-Treatise on Geochemistry

TL;DR: The composition of the primitive mantle derived by as mentioned in this paper shows that Earth was assembled from material that shows many of the same chemical fractionation processes as chondritic meteorites. But the stable isotope record excludes chondrite meteorites as the ‘building blocks’ of Earth.

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Abstract: The composition of the primitive mantle derived here shows that Earth was assembled from material that shows many of the same chemical fractionation processes as chondritic meteorites. These processes occurred at the initial stage of the solar system formation, under conditions thought to be present in the solar nebula. But the stable isotope record excludes chondritic meteorites as the ‘building blocks’ of Earth. Meteorites formed in local environments separated from that part of the inner solar system where much of the material forming the terrestrial planets was sourced.

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1,196 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Integration of geology, geophysics and geochemistry: A key to understanding the North China Craton

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Martin Menzies¹, Yi-Gang Xu², Hong-Fu Zhang², Weiming Fan²•Institutions (2)

Royal Holloway, University of London¹, Chinese Academy of Sciences²

01 Jun 2007-Lithos

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the North China Craton (NCC) at the end of the Pre-Cambrian and revealed decoupling brought about by repeated orogenic events over the history of NCC.

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534 citations

Cites background from "Mantle Samples Included in Volcanic..."

..., low velocity zone) at the time of entrainment of the xenolith/megacrysts, the extent of intra-cratonic variations in geothermal gradients, and, the existence or otherwise of intra-lithospheric thermal perturbations within the craton (e.g., Rudnick and Nyblade, 1999; Pearson et al., 2003)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Highly siderophile element composition of the Earth’s primitive upper mantle: Constraints from new data on peridotite massifs and xenoliths

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Harry Becker¹, Harry Becker², Mary F. Horan³, Richard J. Walker², Shan Gao⁴, Jean-Pierre Lorand⁵, Roberta L. Rudnick² - Show less +3 more•Institutions (5)

Free University of Berlin¹, University of Maryland, College Park², Carnegie Institution for Science³, Northwest University (China)⁴, National Museum of Natural History⁵

01 Sep 2006-Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the HSE composition of fertile lherzolites to constrain the origin of the highly siderophile element (HSE) excess in Earth's mantle.

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515 citations

Additional excerpts

...The process of chemical reaction of mafic melt with lithospheric mantle has been studied extensively using lithophile major and trace elements and radiogenic and stable isotopes (Bodinier and Godard, 2003; Pearson et al., 2003)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The origin of cratonic diamonds — Constraints from mineral inclusions

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Thomas Stachel¹, Jeff W. Harris²•Institutions (2)

University of Alberta¹, University of Glasgow²

01 Sep 2008-Ore Geology Reviews

TL;DR: The origin of cratonic diamonds is reviewed on the basis of nearly 5000 analyses of silicate, oxide and sulphide inclusions in diamonds as mentioned in this paper, and compositional fields are defined for common minerals of the peridotitic, eclogitic and websteritic inclusion suites.

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468 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Physical, chemical, and chronological characteristics of continental mantle

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Richard W. Carlson¹, D. Graham Pearson², David E. James¹•Institutions (2)

Carnegie Institution for Science¹, Durham University²

01 Mar 2005-Reviews of Geophysics

TL;DR: The sub-crustal mantle as discussed by the authors consists of a thick section of material left behind after extensive partial melt extraction, possibly from the wedge of mantle overlying a subducting oceanic plate.

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Abstract: [1] Unlike in the ocean basins where the shallow mantle eventually contributes to the destruction of the overlying crust, the shallow mantle beneath continents serves as a stiff, buoyant “root” whose presence may be essential to the long-term survival of continental crust at Earth's surface. These distinct roles for subcrustal mantle come about because the subcontinental mantle consists of a thick section of material left behind after extensive partial melt extraction, possibly from the wedge of mantle overlying a subducting oceanic plate. Melt removal causes the continental mantle to be cold and strong but also buoyant compared to oceanic mantle. These characteristics allow thick sections of cold mantle to persist beneath continental crust in some cases for over 3 billion years. If the continental mantle becomes gravitationally unstable, however, its detachment from the overlying crust can cause major episodes of intracontinental deformation and volcanism.

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433 citations

Cites background from "Mantle Samples Included in Volcanic..."

...Typical estimates of the accuracy of pressures derived from thermobarometry are 0.3–0.5 GPa for commonly applied barometers and 30 –180 C for a range of thermometers RG1001 Carlson et al.: CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTINENTAL MANTLE 4 of 24 RG1001 [Pearson et al., 2003]....
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...This correspondence between crust and mantle age has been particularly well developed for southern Africa where the Re-Os age data for xenoliths has been correlated with crustal terrain boundaries [D. G. Pearson et al., 2002; Carlson and Moore, 2004; Griffin et al., 2004], major igneous events in the crustal record [Carlson et al., 1999b], the seismic characteristics of the continental lithospheric mantle (Figure 11), and diamond occurrence [Shirey RG1001 Carlson et al.: CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTINENTAL MANTLE 12 of 24 RG1001 et al., 2002]....
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...by far the dominant mantle rock recovered as a xenolith [Nixon, 1987; Pearson et al., 2003], with eclogite, the high-...
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...Peridotite is also by far the dominant mantle rock recovered as a xenolith [Nixon, 1987; Pearson et al., 2003], with eclogite, the highpressure equivalent of basalt, of secondary abundance....
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...Study of these accidental mantle fragments, called mantle xenoliths [Nixon, 1987; Pearson et al., 2003], reveals much about the physical, thermal, compositional, and chronological...
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

The composition of the Earth

[...]

William F. McDonough¹, Shen-Su Sun¹•Institutions (1)

Australian National University¹

01 Mar 1995-Chemical Geology

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the relative abundances of the refractory elements in carbonaceous, ordinary, and enstatite chondritic meteorites and found that the most consistent composition of the Earth's core is derived from the seismic profile and its interpretation, compared with primitive meteorites, and chemical and petrological models of peridotite-basalt melting relationships.

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TL;DR: In this article, the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks agreed at Montreal, August 1972, comments on the recommendations on which the UUGS subcommission agreed.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Geothermobarometry in Four-phase Lherzolites II. New Thermobarometers, and Practical Assessment of Existing Thermobarometers

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Max Planck Society¹

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2,058 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Melting of Garnet Peridotite and the Origin of Komatiite and Depleted Lithosphere

[...]

Michael J. Walter¹•Institutions (1)

Okayama University¹

01 Jan 1998-Journal of Petrology

TL;DR: In this paper, a pyrolitic GPa from a mantle enriched in SiO2 relative to pyrolite was made from 3 to 7 GPa in piston-cylinder and multi-anvil apparatus.

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Abstract: However, it can be a residue of komatiite melt extraction at >7 Melting experiments on fertile peridotite KR4003, a ‘pyrolitic’ GPa from a mantle enriched in SiO2 relative to pyrolite. composition, were made from 3 to 7 GPa in piston-cylinder and multi-anvil apparatus. Temperature gradients across the sample were minimized (<25°C), and the compositions of all phases were determined. Modal abundances of coexisting phases were calculated by mass balance, and the results were used to determine phase

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1,270 citations