Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States.
01 Jan 1979-
TL;DR: This manual contain8 a key to 15 families of freshwater and marine amoebae, of which only one, the Echinamoebidac, docs not contain a known marine species.
About: The article was published on 1979-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 141 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Fauna.
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TL;DR: It is hypothesized that populations/species naturally exposed to variable environmental pH conditions may be pre-adapted to future OA highlighting the importance to understand and monitor environmental variations in order to be able to to predict sensitivity to future climate changes.
Abstract: As a consequence of increasing atmospheric CO2, the world’s oceans are warming and slowly becoming more acidic (ocean acidification, OA) and profound changes in marine ecosystems are certain Calcification is one of the primary targets for studies of the impact of CO2-driven climate change in the oceans and one of the key marine groups most likely to be impacted by predicted climate change events are the echinoderms Echinoderms are a vital component of the marine environment with representatives in virtually every ecosystem, where they are often keystone ecosystem engineers This paper reviews and analyses what is known about the impact of near-future ocean acidification on echinoderms A global analysis of the literature reveals that echinoderms are surprisingly robust to OA and that important differences in sensitivity to OA are observed between populations and species However, this is modulated by parameters such as (1) exposure time with rare longer term experiments revealing negative impacts that are hidden in short or midterm ones; (2) bottlenecks in physiological processes and life-cycle such as stage-specific developmental phenomena that may drive the whole species responses; (3) ecological feedback transforming small scale sub lethal effects into important negative effects on fitness We hypothesize that populations/species naturally exposed to variable environmental pH conditions may be pre-adapted to future OA highlighting the importance to understand and monitor environmental variations in order to be able to to predict sensitivity to future climate changes More stress ecology research is needed at the frontier between ecotoxicology and ecology, going beyond standardized tests using model species in order to address multiple water quality factors (eg pH, temperature, toxicants) and organism health However, available data allow us to conclude that near-future OA will have negative impact on echinoderm taxa with likely significant consequences at the ecosystem level
387 citations
TL;DR: The associated fauna of this branching deep-water coral was as rich and diverse as that of hermatypic branching species of coral and 97 species are recorded for the first time from the area around the Faroes.
Abstract: Twenty five blocks of Lophelia pertusa weighing a total of 18.5 kg were studied. Associated with this substrate were 4626 individuals belonging to 256 species. An additional 42 species were identified from loose coral rubble. Of the 298 species found, 97 are recorded for the first time from the area around the Faroes. Most individuals were found in dead coral blocks from the inner parts of the bank or colony, but a few species were found close to the terminal branches of live coral blocks. The associated fauna of this branching deep-water coral was as rich and diverse as that of hermatypic branching species of coral. Some physical features of the coral as a substrate were measured. Large blocks of live coral harbour a more diverse fauna than do smaller ones. In contrast, on dead coral blocks the number of species and individuals had no simple correlation to block size, indicating the importance of other factors such as random colonization and length of time the substrate has been inhabited. Of th...
244 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) to determine the ages of D. cristagalli, including the visible growth bands and the mean age of a single septum.
231 citations
TL;DR: The estuarine dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida is euryhaline and eurythermal, and in bioassays a nontoxic flagellated stage has increased under P enrichment, suggesting a stimulatory role of nutrients.
Abstract: The estuarine dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida gen. et sp. nov. produces exotoxin(s) that can be absorbed from water or fine aerosols. Culture filtrate (0.22 µm porosity filters, >250 toxic flagellated cells/ml) induces formation of open ulcerative sores, hemorrhaging, and death of finfish and shellfish. Human exposure to aerosols from ichthyotoxic cultures (= 2000 cells/ml) has been associated with narcosis, respiratory distress with asthma-like symptoms, severe stomach cramping, nausea, vomiting, and eye irritation with reddening and blurred vision (hours to days); autonomic nervous system dysfunction (localized sweating, erratic heart beat (weeks)]; central nervous system dysfunction (sudden rages and personality change (hours to days), and reversible cognitive impairment and short-term memory loss (weeks)); and chronic effects including asthma-like symptoms, exercise fatigue, and sensory symptoms (tingling or numbness in lips, hands, and feet; months to years). Elevated hepatic enzyme levels and high phosphorus excretion in one human exposure suggested hepatic and renal dysfunction (weeks); easy infection and low counts of several T-cell types may indicate immune system suppression (months to years). Pfiesteria piscicida is euryhaline and eurythermal, and in bioassays a nontoxic flagellated stage has increased under P enrichment (=100 µg SRP/L), suggesting a stimulatory role of nutrients. Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates have been tracked to fish kill sites in eutrophic estuaries from Delaware Bay through the Gulf Coast. Our data point to a critical need to characterize their chronic effects on human health as well as fish recruitment, disease resistance, and survival.
183 citations
Cites background from "Marine flora and fauna of the north..."
...Most of its stages actually are animal-like amoebae (e.g., Sarcodina; Bovee and Sawyer, 1979), with size ranging from 5 to 250 μm along the major cell axis (Burkholder et al., 1995b)....
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01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: This guide is an attempt to build a “bridge” between the general textbooks on protozoa and the guides to amoebae intended for specialists, based on a classification system ofAmoeba morphotypes, i.e. on the classification of the generalized shapes of the locomotive form of an amoEBa.
Abstract: Summary The present guide is an attempt to build a “bridge” between the general textbooks on protozoa and the guides to amoebae intended for specialists. We try to outline the subset of freshwater amoebae species that may be found in the soil and list them in the text. The extended introduction section provides detailed descriptions of the methods and shortcomings of amoeba investigation and gives one some ideas on the peculiarities, biology and ecology of soil amoebae. Special section guides the reader through the identification process to prevent him from potential errors. From our experience, dichotomous keys to amoebae are rather artificial and difficult in use, so this guide is based on a classification system of amoeba morphotypes, i.e. on the classification of the generalized shapes of the locomotive form of an amoeba. It allows easy and fast initial classification of an amoeba into one of 16 groups of species containing from two
140 citations
Cites background from "Marine flora and fauna of the north..."
...Key words: gymnamoebae, amoeba, systematics, identification, methods, guide There are several comprehensive keys to marine, freshwater and soil amoebae, by Bovee and Sawyer (1979), Bovee (1985) and Page (1976a, 1983, 1988, 1991)....
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References
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TL;DR: Several major shifts of taxonomic significance have been introduced at all levels treated, including the subphyla, and these revisions are explained in appropriately placed footnotes.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS. A classification of the phylum Protozoa at supra-familial levels is given with definitions or descriptions of all of the involved taxa, some 140 in number. The scheme represents the result of the cooperative efforts of an international group of specialists and consultants who have‘been studying the overall problem for the past several years. Innovations of a nomenclatural nature have been held to a minimum, aside from the use of a system of uniform endings, but several major shifts of taxonomic significance have been introduced at all levels treated, including the subphyla. These revisions are explained in appropriately placed footnotes.
295 citations
TL;DR: The genus Acanthamoeba Volkonsky, 1931 is re-defined, being distinguished from Hartmannella Alexeieff, 1912, emend, chiefly by the formation of tapering, hyaline pseudopods (acanthopodia).
Abstract: SYNOPSIS. Ten strains of Acanthamoeba from freshwater habitats were isolated in clonal cultures. Studies were made of trophic structure, nuclear division, cyst structure, some aspects of cytochemistry, and other characteristics. One strain was identified as A. castellanii (Douglas, 1930), one as A. astronyxis (Ray and Hayes, 1954), and 8 as A. polyphaga (Puschkarew, 1913). Strains of Acanthamoeba isolated by other workers were also examined comparatively.
The pattern of nuclear division in all strains resembled that in metazoan cells, with the exception that centrioles were never found. Trophic amoebae had a PAS-positive surface outline. Cyst walls were strongly PAS-positive and also gave a positive test for cellulose with zinc chloroiodide.
The genus Acanthamoeba Volkonsky, 1931 is re-defined, being distinguished from Hartmannella Alexeieff, 1912, emend. Volkonsky, chiefly by the formation of tapering, hyaline pseudopods (acanthopodia) and by a cyst made up of an ectocyst and a polyhedral or stellate endocyst, with excystment by removal of opercula. Other characteristics found in all strains include a distinctive food cup, the presence of many small refractile globules in the cytoplasm of trophic amoebae, and a cyst wall containing cellulose. The degree of spindle convergence, employed by Volkonsky as a generic criterion, was unusable.
Differential diagnoses based principally on cyst structure are offered for A. castellanii, A. astronyxis, and A. polyphaga. The strain previously called Mayorella palestinensis Reich, 1933 is a distinct species of Acanthamoeba.
210 citations
203 citations
TL;DR: A study of nine species of small free-living amoebae has been made under standardized and reproducible cultural conditions, by a new method that enables specimens in all stages of division to be obtained easily, and of two main types on which it is proposed to create two new families— Schizopyrenidae and Hartmannellidae.
Abstract: A study of nine species of small free-living amoebae has been made under standardized and reproducible cultural conditions, by a new method that enables specimens in all stages of division to be obtained easily. In all species the resting nucleus shows a Feulgen-negative nucleolus and Feulgen-positive chromatin granules. Nuclear division in these species and in other amoebae described by other workers is of two main types on which it is proposed to create two new families— Schizopyrenidae and Hartmannellidae. In Schizopyrenidae, the type genus Schizopyrenus n.g. and two other genera, Naegleria and Didascalus n.g., are defined. Naegleria gruberi, Didascalus thorntoni n.sp., Schizopyrenus russelli n.sp., S. erythaenusa n.sp. and S. atopus n.sp. are described. In Hartmannellidae the type genus Hartmannella is defined. H. glebae, H. rhysodes n.sp., H. leptocnemus n.sp and H. agricola are described. The relation of the proposed classification to previously defined families and genera of amoebae, and its bearing on phylogeny are discussed.
140 citations
TL;DR: A systematic study of small free-living amoebae has been made under standardized and reproducible cultural conditions, and their pathogenicity has been tested in mice, and metronidazole and other anti-amoebic drugs are ineffective against N. aerobia and H. culbertsoni in vitro and in meningo-encephalitis in mice.
Abstract: A systematic study of small free-living amoebae has been made under standardized and reproducible cultural conditions, and their pathogenicity has been tested in mice. Naegleria aerobia, Hartmannella culbertsoni and H. rhysodes are pathogenic; H. castellanii, H. astronyxis, H. palestinensis, H. glebae, H. exundans, H. vermiformis, Schizopyrenus russelli, Didascalus thorntoni and Tetramitus rostratus are non-pathogenic. Strains of H. culbertsoni and H. rhysodes are present in Indian soils. A classification of the order Amocbida Kent into families Schizopyrenidae Singh, Hartmannellidae Volkonsky, 1931 emend. Singh, 1952, and Endamoebidae (Calkins), based on nuclear division, is proposed, and the relation of this classification to previously defined families and genera of amoebae and its bearing on phylogeny are discussed. Metronidazole and other anti-amoebic drugs are ineffective against N. aerobia and H. culbertsoni in vitro and in meningo-encephalitis in mice.
108 citations