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Journal ArticleDOI

Mass spectrometric sampling of flames: how ionic equilibria in flames produce sampling falsifications and “fake” ions, but provide kinetic and thermodynamic data on the reaction occurring

01 Jan 2022-Progress in Energy and Combustion Science (Elsevier BV)-Vol. 88, pp 100927
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that if a positive ion reacts exothermally in a reversible reaction with a time constant briefer than ≈ 0.5 µs, that reaction will be equilibrated early in the flame and if the orifice is small, the equilibrium will be just fast enough to shift position to that for a temperature reduced in both the thermal boundary layer around the inlet, and in accelerating to the speed of sound.
About: This article is published in Progress in Energy and Combustion Science.The article was published on 2022-01-01. It has received 5 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Chemistry & Body orifice.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the effect of a nickel sampling cone used in the measurements on the flame was comprehensively modeled using a two-dimensional direct numerical simulation of reacting flow near the axially symmetric probe along with a reduced chemical kinetic mechanism.

5 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , a comprehensive review concerning the state-of-the-art conceptual designs of technologies integration as well as their performances is urgently needed for promoting future development of integrated bio-fuels production technologies.
Abstract: Biomass is concerned as a most promising alternative energy resource. There are a number of biomass utilization technologies, most of which can be classified to either biological technology or thermo-chemical technology. Both have their specific bottleneck problems. Individual technology is currently almost reaching the ceiling, and technologies integration is thus proposed to make up drawbacks of individual technology with synergy effect. Technologies integration towards bio-fuels production include integration of biological technologies (e.g. algae cultivation from anaerobic digestate, secondary digestion of anaerobic digestate, anaerobic digestion of aerobic digestate, etc.), integration of thermo-chemical technologies (e.g. hydrodeoxygenation of bio-oils, steam reforming of fast bio-oils, cascade pyrolysis, etc.), and integration of biological technologies with thermo-chemical technologies (e.g. gasification of anaerobic digestate, pyrolysis of anaerobic digestate, carbonization of anaerobic digestate etc.). a comprehensive review concerning the state-of-the-art conceptual designs of technologies integration as well as their performances is urgently needed. Accordingly, this paper critically reviews: (1) State-of-the-art conceptual designs of integrated bio-fuel production systems; (2) Overall evaluation of different integrated technologies; (3) Insightful discussion on the future perspectives in this field. Concerning carbon conversion as an overall indicator for the performance of different technologies, it was found that the average carbon conversions were 70.71%, 75.29%, and 70.44% for integration of biological technologies, integration of thermo-chemical technologies, and integration of biological technologies with thermo-chemical technologies, respectively. This review is hoped to be beneficial for promoting future development of integrated bio-fuels production technologies.

4 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a modified coflow burner was developed to study the effect of charge injection from a nonthermal plasma into three helium-diluted laminar coflow diffusion ethylene flames.
Abstract: A novel, modified coflow burner was developed to study the effect of charge injection from a non-thermal plasma into three helium-diluted laminar coflow diffusion ethylene flames. The frequency of the high voltage (HV) signal was varied to control the ion concentration (charge) injected into the flames. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to characterize the non-thermal plasma while a bias plate methodology was used to gauge the relative amount of charge generated. For different HV signal frequencies, the laser-induced fluorescence of OH, chemiluminescence of CH*, and laser-induced incandescence of soot in flames were measured. The OH and CH* measurements showed that the flames retained the classic flame shape with charge injection. Significant soot reduction was observed at low HV signal frequencies, corresponding to an increase in charge injection. Notably, at low HV signal frequency, soot reduction in highly concentrated (60%) ethylene flame is three times lower than the less concentrated (32%) ethylene flame. This can be attributed to the decrease in the injected charge to soot precursor concentration ratio when the concentration of ethylene in the flame is increased. These results demonstrate that the current system is a promising candidate for studying the charge effect from non-thermal plasma on soot formation in laminar coflow diffusion flames.
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the spatial distributions of positive ions in atmospheric-pressure burner-stabilized premixed flames of ethylene/oxygen/argon mixtures in a wide range of equivalence ratios ϕ = 0.4÷1.5.
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , a review of recent developments, applications, and capabilities in gas-phase synthesis methods of nanowire arrays is presented, as well as remaining challenges and needs are addressed to advance this field.
Abstract: Nanowire-like materials exhibit distinctive properties such as optical polarisation, waveguiding, and hydrophobic channelling, amongst many other useful phenomena. Such 1-D derived anisotropy can be further enhanced by arranging many similar nanowires into a coherent matrix, known as an array superstructure. Manufacture of nanowire arrays can be scaled-up considerably through judicious use of gas-phase methods. Historically, the gas-phase approach however has been extensively used for the bulk and rapid synthesis of isotropic 0-D nanomaterials such as carbon black and silica. The primary goal of this review is to document recent developments, applications, and capabilities in gas-phase synthesis methods of nanowire arrays. Secondly, we elucidate the design and use of the gas-phase synthesis approach; and finally, remaining challenges and needs are addressed to advance this field.
References
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Book
01 Jan 1966
TL;DR: In this article, the echangeurs de : chaleur, couche de : limite, modeles de : turbulence, transfert de masse reference record created on 2005-11-18, modified on 2016-08-08
Abstract: Keywords: echangeurs de : chaleur ; couche : limite ; modeles de : turbulence ; transfert de masse Reference Record created on 2005-11-18, modified on 2016-08-08

4,465 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the available data on gas phase basicities and proton affinities of approximately 1700 molecular, radical and atomic neutral species are evaluated and compiled, and tables of the data are sorted according to empirical formula and evaluated gas basicity.
Abstract: The available data on gas-phase basicities and proton affinities of approximately 1700 molecular, radical and atomic neutral species are evaluated and compiled. Tables of the data are sorted (1) according to empirical formula and (2) according to evaluated gas basicity. This publication constitutes an update of a similar evaluation published in 1984.

2,405 citations

Book
01 Jan 1953
TL;DR: In this paper, the Hodograph Method for Two-Dimensional, Subsonic Flow with Small Perturbations is used to describe the dynamics of two-dimensional and three-dimensional flow.
Abstract: Partial table of contents: BACKGROUND. Foundations of Fluid Dynamics. Foundations of Thermodynamics. ONE--DIMENSIONAL FLOW. Isentropic Flow. Normal Shock Waves. Flow in Ducts with Heating or Cooling. INTRODUCTION TO FLOW IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS. The Equations of Motion for Steady, Irrotational Flow. SUBSONIC FLOW. Hodograph Method for Two--Dimensional, Subsonic Flow. Three--Dimensional, Subsonic Flow. SUPERSONIC FLOW. Two--Dimensional, Supersonic Flow with Small Perturbations. Oblique Shocks. Appendices. Index.

2,243 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the available data on gas phase basicities and proton affinities of molecules are compiled and evaluated, and tables giving the molecules ordered according to proton affinity and (2) according to empirical formula, sorted alphabetically are provided.
Abstract: The available data on gas phase basicities and proton affinities of molecules are compiled and evaluated. Tables giving the molecules ordered (1) according to proton affinity and (2) according to empirical formula, sorted alphabetically are provided. The heats of formation of the molecules and the corresponding protonated species are also listed.

1,244 citations

Book
01 Jan 1985

1,119 citations