Material Characterization by Line-Focus-Beam Acoustic Microscope
01 Mar 1985-IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)-Vol. 32, Iss: 2, pp 189-212
TL;DR: In this article, a nouvelle methode de caracterisation tres precise des materiaux is proposed, in which the caracteristiques de propagation des ondes de fuite a la limite entre l'eau et l'echantillon; the vitesse de phase and l'attenuation sont determinees a travers des mesures de la courbe V(z).
Abstract: On propose une nouvelle methode de caracterisation tres precise des materiaux. On mesure les caracteristiques de propagation des ondes de fuite a la limite entre l'eau et l'echantillon; la vitesse de phase et l'attenuation sont determinees a travers des mesures de la courbe V(z). On presente une methode d'analyse spectrale pour obtenir les proprietes acoustiques a partir des courbes V(z). Description des mesures effectuees en utilisant des materiaux isotropes ou anisotropes pour lesquels les vitesses s'etendent de 2000 a 11000 m/s. On examine tous les modes d'ondes de fuite impliques dans les phenomenes d'interferences dans les courbes V(z). Resultats experimentaux confirmant les resultats theoriques. Application a l'analyse de la structure des materiaux polycristallins
Citations
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TL;DR: The elastic constants of single-crystal NbN, VN, and TiN films were determined from surface acoustic wave (SAW) dispersion curves obtained by the use of an acoustic microscope with a line-focus beam as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The elastic constants of single‐crystal NbN, VN, and TiN films were determined from surface acoustic wave (SAW) dispersion curves obtained by the use of an acoustic microscope with a line‐focus beam. Measurements were carried out for single‐crystal nitride films grown on the (001) plane of single‐crystal cubic‐symmetric MgO substrates. The phase velocities measured as functions of the angle of propagation display the expected anisotropy. Dispersion curves of SAWs propagating along the symmetry axes were obtained by measuring the wave velocities for various film thicknesses and frequencies. Using a modified simplex method, an inversion of the SAW dispersion data yielded the elastic constants of cubic symmetry, namely c11, c12, and c44. The Rayleigh surface wave velocities calculated from the determined elastic constants and known mass densities agree well with a result measured by Brillouin scattering spectroscopy reported elsewhere.
302 citations
TL;DR: A qualitatively new way of generating high-energy acoustic pulses, which may improve imaging capabilities through increased accuracy and signal-to-noise ratios and may lead to more effective nonintrusive scalpels, for example, for cancer treatment.
Abstract: Acoustic lenses are employed in a variety of applications, from biomedical imaging and surgery to defense systems and damage detection in materials. Focused acoustic signals, for example, enable ultrasonic transducers to image the interior of the human body. Currently however the performance of acoustic devices is limited by their linear operational envelope, which implies relatively inaccurate focusing and low focal power. Here we show a dramatic focusing effect and the generation of compact acoustic pulses (sound bullets) in solid and fluid media, with energies orders of magnitude greater than previously achievable. This focusing is made possible by a tunable, nonlinear acoustic lens, which consists of ordered arrays of granular chains. The amplitude, size, and location of the sound bullets can be controlled by varying the static precompression of the chains. Theory and numerical simulations demonstrate the focusing effect, and photoelasticity experiments corroborate it. Our nonlinear lens permits a qualitatively new way of generating high-energy acoustic pulses, which may improve imaging capabilities through increased accuracy and signal-to-noise ratios and may lead to more effective nonintrusive scalpels, for example, for cancer treatment.
250 citations
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, Pfannschmidt et al. describe the interaction of acoustic waves with solid surfaces and perform phase contrast scan with phase contrast with a time reversal mirror for electronic component characterization.
Abstract: Characterization of Electronic Components by Acoustic Microscopy G. Pfannschmidt. Interaction of Acoustic Waves with Solid Surfaces Y. Tsukahara, et al. Scanning Acoustic Microscopy with Phase Contrast W. Grill, et al. Ultrasonic Focusing with Time Reversal Mirrors M. Fink, C. Prada.
208 citations
Additional excerpts
...Reche, J. J. (1990). Fabrication of high-density multichip modules....
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TL;DR: In this article, the reflectance function R(@) of a liquid-solid interface can be obtained by inverting the complex V(z) data collected with an acoustic microscope, which is based on a nonparaxial formulation of the V(Z) integral, which establishes the Fourier transform relation between R (@) and V (z).
Abstract: Absfmet-It is demonstrated that the reflectance function R(@) of a liquid-solid interface can be obtained by inverting the complex V(z) data collected with an acoustic microscope. The inversion algorithm is based on a nonparaxial formulation of the V(z) integral, which establishes the Fourier transform relation between R(@) and V(z). Examples are given to show that with this measurement technique, the acoustic phase velocities of the propagating modes in the solid medium can easily be determined and material losses can be estimated. The same technique is also used for characterizing imaging performance of focused systems. Applications In thin-6lm measurement are also discussed.
169 citations
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The fundamentals and applications of ultrasonic waves is universally compatible with any devices to read and an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly.
Abstract: fundamentals and applications of ultrasonic waves is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our book servers spans in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the fundamentals and applications of ultrasonic waves is universally compatible with any devices to read.
146 citations
Cites background or methods from "Material Characterization by Line-F..."
...3 Line Focus Beam Developed by Kushibiki and Chubachi [133], the line focus beam (LFB) technique exploits Rayleigh waves emitted perpendicular to the focal line of a cylindrical lens....
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...One specific application of quantitative acoustic microscopy has been the development of the line focus beam (LFB) for directional measurements [133]....
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...Full details are given in [133] for determinations of ∆V/V and αN over 30 different materials....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, a review is given of the temperature dependence of the density of liquid water from 40" to 150°C and the error in the calculated compressibilities is estimated as 03 X lO-'bar-' at 4'C and as7 X 100°C at 4''C.
Abstract: A review is given of the temperature dependence of the density of liquid water from 40" to 150°C The inclusion of new literature data indicates that most previous correlations have been 10 ppm low at 70-80°C An expression is derived, Equation 16, expressed on the IPTS-68 and valid from 0" to 150"C, that is in improved agreement with most data sets Recent literature values of the velocity of sound permit the calculation of more reliable isothermal compressibilities The errors of these compressibilities;, from velocity of sound, density, thermal expansivity, and specific heat, are examined, and the error in the calculated compressibilities is estimated as 03 X lO-'bar-' at 4'C and as7 X 100°C This paper supersedes two papers previously given by the same author The revision of correlating and interpolating equations, and of estimated best values and their errors, must be repeated whenever standards are modified or a significant addition is made to the pool of experimental data At atmospheric pressure (=101325 bar), the volume or density, the thermal expansivity, and the compressibility are among the properties of liquid water that are known with sufficient precision for the introduction of the 1968 lnternational Practical Temperature Scale (72) to make it
1,368 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the elastic and piezoelectric constants of alpha-quartz have been determined by the resonance (previously known as dynamic) method employing the extensional mode of bars and the contour-extensional mode I (Lam\'e mode) of square plates.
Abstract: The elastic and piezoelectric constants of alpha-quartz have been determined by the resonance (previously known as dynamic) method employing the extensional mode of bars and the contour-extensional mode I (Lam\'e mode) of square plates. It is believed that this approach results in very accurate values.
566 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the elastic and piezoelectric constants for 3m-thickness modes were determined using measurements made on small, plate-shaped samples of various crystallographic orientations.
Abstract: Determination of the elastic and piezoelectric constants for crystals in class (3m) is complicated by the large number of independent constants and the many possible ways in which they may be combined. An experimental and analytical procedure has been developed to determine all the constants using primarily thickness‐mode measurements made on small, plate‐shaped samples of various crystallographic orientations, and results using this procedure have been obtained for lithium tantalate and lithium niobate, two recently developed synthetic crystals. The resonant and antiresonant frequency constants for thickness modes have been calculated as functions of a plate's rotation angle. Information in this form makes possible the selection of plate orientations that might be useful as resonators and transducers.
515 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of the reflection process is developed that explains all of the observed phenomena, including a shift of the reflected beam from the position predicted by geometrical acoustics, a null or minimum of intensity within the reflected beacon, a 180° phase reversal of the field on either side of the null, a weak trailing field on only one side of a reflected beam and a frequency of least reflection when the solid is lossy.
Abstract: Various phenomena have been observed when a bounded acoustic beam is incident from a liquid onto the surface of a solid at or near the Rayleigh angle. These phenomena include: a shift of the reflected beam from the position predicted by geometrical acoustics, a null or minimum of intensity within the reflected beam, a 180° phase reversal of the field on either side of the null, a weak trailing field on only one side of the reflected beam and a frequency of least reflection when the solid is lossy. By carefully examining the reflection coefficient for angles in the vicinity of the Rayleight angle, and by taking into account the angular spectrum of plane waves that comprise a bounded beam, a model of the reflection process is developed that explains all of the observed phenomena. This model shows that the various critical-reflection effects result from the interference between a geometrically reflected field and the field of a leaky Rayleigh wave, which is excited by the incident beam. Moreover, this model resolves the conflict between various explanations made for these phenomena in the past; in particular, it is found that Schoch's classical description of a laterally displaced reflected beam is valid only for beams having a large width.
339 citations
01 Aug 1979
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present images that show the elastic properties of specimens selected from the fields of material science, integrated circuits, and cell biology, and show how a single spherical surface formed at a solid liquid interface can serve as this ideal lens free from aberrations and capable of producing diffraction limited beams.
Abstract: Acoustic waves in liquids are known to have wavelengths comparable to that of visible light if the frequency is in the gigahertz range. The phenomena of Brillouin scattering in liquids is based on such waves. In helium near 2 K acoustic waves with a wavelength of 2000 A were studied some ten years ago at UCLA. It follows from these observations that an imaging system based on acoustic radiation with a resolving power competitive with the optical microscope is within reach if an ideal lens free from aberrations could be found. Such a lens, which was so elusive at the beginning, is now a simple device and it is the basic component in the acoustic microscope that forms the basis for this review. In this article we will establish the characteristic properties of this new instrument. We will review some of the simple properties of acoustic waves and show how a single spherical surface formed at a solid liquid interface can serve as this ideal lens free from aberrations and capable of producing diffraction limited beams. When this is incorporated into a mechanical scanning system and excited with acoustic frequencies in the microwave range images can be recorded with acoustic wavelengths equal to the wavelength of visible light. We will present images that show the elastic properties of specimens selected from the fields of material science, integrated circuits, and cell biology. The information content in these images will often exceed that of the optical micrographs. In the reflection mode we illuminate the smooth surface of a crystalline material with a highly convergent acoustic beam. The reflected field is perturbed in a unique way that is determined by the elastic properties of the reflecting surface and it shows up in the phase of the reflected acoustic field. There is a distinct and characteristic response at the output when the spacing between the object and the lens is varied. This behavior in the acoustic ieflection microscope provides a rather simple and direct means for monitoring the elastic parameters of a solid surface. It is easy to distinguish between different materials, to determine the layer thickness, and to display variations in the elastic constants on a microscopic scale. These features lead us to believe there is a promising future for the field of acoustic microscopy.
295 citations