Journal Article•
Mathematical Analysis of Random Noise-Conclusion
About: This article is published in Bell System Technical Journal.The article was published on 1945-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 807 citations till now.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: The combined effects of additive noise and window bias were such that the total bias was nearly independent of CRF slope, and Sweep VEP contrast thresholds were shown empirically to be unaffected by changes in the range of contrast swept.
125 citations
TL;DR: An integrated theory of edge detection, curvature measurement and motion detection during the earliest stages of visual processing is presented.
124 citations
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the Bayesian statistical viewpoint for the determination of macromolecular crystal structures by combining a statistical scheme for describing in a quantitatively correct fashion the ambiguities present at each stage of a structure determination.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Bayesian statistical viewpoint for the determination of macromolecular crystal structures. Its application to ab initio phasing at typical macromolecular resolutions requires in addition the incorporation of stereochemical information into structure factor statistics. The concepts and methods of Bayesian statistics are designed to enable the numerical representation (via probabilities) and the bookkeeping of various states of incomplete knowledge about a system, especially of the transition from an initial (or prior) state of knowledge toward subsequent (or posterior) states as new information acquired through observations is incorporated by means of Bayes' theorem. The concepts and methods of the Bayesian statistics provide a natural framework for a unified approach combining a statistical scheme for describing in a quantitatively correct fashion the ambiguities present at each stage of a structure determination, encompassing all current methods, together with a general exploratory mechanism for resolving these ambiguities by systematically forming and evaluating multiple hypotheses about the missing information.
123 citations
TL;DR: The combination of excess bandwidth and average-power-limited optical transmitters has led to a new paradigm in transmitter and receiver design that can extend optimized performance of a single receiver to accommodate multiple data rates.
Abstract: Free-space laser communication systems have the potential to provide flexible, high-speed connectivity suitable for long-haul intersatellite and deep-space links. For these applications, power-efficient transmitter and receiver designs are essential for cost-effective implementation. State-of-the-art designs can leverage many of the recent advances in optical communication technologies that have led to global wide-band fiber-optic networks with multiple Tbit/s capacities. While spectral efficiency has long been a key design parameter in the telecommunications industry, the many THz of excess channel bandwidth in the optical regime can be used to improve receiver sensitivities where photon efficiency is a design driver. Furthermore, the combination of excess bandwidth and average-power-limited optical transmitters has led to a new paradigm in transmitter and receiver design that can extend optimized performance of a single receiver to accommodate multiple data rates.
123 citations
TL;DR: In many experiments utilizing ion traps, the ions must be cooled in order to increase the precision and accuracy of the measurements as mentioned in this paper, which has made possible improved measurements of mass ratios and atomic spectra and the observation of new phenomena.
Abstract: In many experiments utilizing ion traps, the ions must be cooled in order to increase the precision and accuracy of the measurements. Laser cooling is very effective when it can be applied, but it can only be used with a few kinds of ions, since it depends critically on the details of the electronic level structure. Other methods, such as resistive cooling, active-feedback cooling, collisional cooling, radiofrequency side-band cooling, or sympathetic laser cooling, can be applied to many kinds of ions. Progress in cooling of trapped ions has made possible improved measurements of mass ratios and atomic spectra and the observation of new phenomena, such as the formation of ordered Coulomb "crystals" of ions.
122 citations