Mathematical modeling of sulfide flash smelting process: Part III. Volatilization of minor elements
01 Dec 1991-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science (Springer US)-Vol. 22, Iss: 6, pp 791-799
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extended the mathematical model described in Part I to include the minor element behavior inside a flash-furnace shaft during flash smelting of copper concentrate.
Abstract: The mathematical model described in Part I[14] was extended to include the minor element behavior inside a flash-furnace shaft during flash smelting of copper concentrate. The volatilization of As, Sb, Bi, and Pb was computed, and experiments were carried out for Sb and Pb in a laboratory flash furnace. Satisfactory agreement between the predicted and measured results was obtained for antimony and lead. From the computational results, the behavior of each minor element was predicted for various target matte grades. The model predictions show that the elimination of As and Bi to the gas phase increases sharply at about 0.3 m from the burner; however, that of the Sb increases gradually along the flash-furnace shaft, and that of lead occurs suddenly at about 0.6 m from the burner. The predicted results also show that the elimination increases for Bi and Pb as the target matte grade increases; however, it is relatively independent of the target matte grade between 50 and 60 pet Cu for As and Sb. At higher target matte grades above 60 pet Cu, the elimination of As and Sb decreases as matte grade increases.
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TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical model for simulating oxidation reactions of chalcopyrite particles together with momentum, heat and mass transfer between particle and gas phase in a flash smelting furnace reaction shaft is presented.
27 citations
01 Feb 1998-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
TL;DR: In this article, a kinetics-based mathematical model of the Peirce-Smith converter was developed, which considers mass transfer, heat transfer, and reactions between each of the phases present in the converter.
Abstract: A kinetics-based mathematical model of the Peirce-Smith converter has been developed. The model considers mass transfer, heat transfer, and reactions between each of the phases present in the converter. Model validation is carried out using industrial data obtained from both copper and nickel converters. The model is generally able to predict the temperature and compositional variations of the converters to within the errors of the industrial data. However, the interactions between the white metal and slag during the copper blow are not understood sufficiently to model well.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a computational thermodynamics model for the oxygen bottom-blown copper smelting process (Shuikoushan, SKS process) was established, based on the SKS SMelting characteristics and theory of Gibbs free energy minimization.
23 citations
01 Oct 2001-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
TL;DR: In this article, a fluid-dynamics computer model of the flash-converting furnace shaft is presented, which is fully three-dimensional and incorporates the transport of momentum, heat, and mass and the reaction kinetics between the gas and particles in a particle-laden turbulent gas jet.
Abstract: A fluid-dynamics computer model of the flash-converting furnace shaft, which is based on basic principles, is presented. The model is fully three-dimensional and incorporates the transport of momentum, heat, and mass and the reaction kinetics between the gas and particles in a particle-laden turbulent gas jet. The k-ɛ model was used to describe gas-phase turbulence in an Eulerian framework. The particle-cloud model was used to track the particle phase in a Lagrangian framework. The coupling of gas and particle equations was performed through the source terms in the Eulerian gas-phase governing equations. Copper matte particles were represented as Cu2S · yFeSx. Based on experimental observation, the oxidation products were assumed to be Cu2O, CuO, Fe3O4, and SO2. A reaction mechanism involving the external mass transfer of oxygen from the gas to the particle surface and diffusion of the oxygen through the successive layers of Cu2O-Fe3O4 and CuO-Fe3O4 was proposed. The predictions of the computer model were compared with the experimental data collected in a large laboratory furnace. Reasonable agreement between the model predictions and the measurements was obtained in terms of the fractional completion of the oxidation reactions and the sulfur remaining in the reacted particles. The relevance of the computational model for further analysis and optimization of an industrial flash-converting operation is discussed.
21 citations
01 Dec 1993-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
TL;DR: In this paper, the in-trinsic kinetics of oxidation and heat and mass transfer between a particle and its surroundings were analyzed for the ignition and combustion of chalcopyrite particles under suspension-smelting conditions.
Abstract: The ignition and combustion of chalcopyrite particles under suspension-smelting conditions, in which the particle-particle interaction is neglected, has been analyzed by considering the in-trinsic kinetics of oxidation and heat and mass transfer between the particle and its surroundings. Reasonable agreement has been obtained between the calculated results and experimental results from a laminar-flow furnace reported in the literature. This computational procedure has also been applied to flash-smelting conditions. Under suspension-smelting conditions (Sh = Nu = 2), chalcopyrite particles ignite at approximately 960 K. The effects of various parameters, such as oxygen concentration, particle size, and gas temperature, have also been evaluated. Comparison between calculated results in this work and experimental observations indicates that SO is the important gaseous product that forms at the particle surface.
21 citations
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01 Dec 1990-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
TL;DR: In this paper, a mathematical model has been developed to describe the various processes occurring in a flash furnace shaft, incorporating turbulent fluid dynamics, chemical reaction kinetics, and heat and mass transfer.
Abstract: A mathematical model has been developed to describe the various processes occurring in a flash furnace shaft. The model incorporates turbulent fluid dynamics, chemical reaction kinetics, and heat and mass transfer. The key features include the use of thek-e turbulence model, incorporating the effect of particles on the turbulence, and the four-flux model for radiative heat transfer. The model predictions were compared with measurements obtained in a laboratory flash furnace and a pilot plant flash furnace. Good agreement was obtained between the predicted and measured data in terms of the SO2 and O2 concentrations, the amount of sulfur remaining in the particles, and the gas temperature. Model predictions show that the reactions of sulfide particles are mostly completed within about 1 m of the burner, and the double-entry burner system with radial feeding of the concentrate particles gives better performance than the singleentry burner system. The model thus verified was used to further predict various aspects of industrial flash furnace operation. The results indicate that from the viewpoint of sulfide oxidation, smelting rate can be substantially increased in most existing industrial flash furnaces.
51 citations
01 Feb 1989-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
TL;DR: In this paper, a mathematical model has been developed to describe the behavior of minor elements during flash smelting and flash converting, and good agreement has been obtained between observed and predicted behaviors.
Abstract: A mathematical model has been developed to describe the behavior of minor elements during flash smelting and flash converting The model incorporates equations describing volatilization of minor elements from the molten particles and distribution of these elements between the molten phases in the settler The basic premise of the volatilization model is that at the surface of the molten particle, the partial pressures of the minor-element species are those at equilibrium Transport of the minor-element species to the gas then is described by external mass transfer Good agreement has been obtained between observed and predicted behaviors The effects of oxygen enrichment, matte grade, and wall temperature, as well as the bath temperature, on minor-element behavior have been elucidated
38 citations
01 Dec 1990-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical model has been developed to describe the rate processes in an axisymmetric copper flash smelting furnace shaft, and a particular feature of the model is the incorporation of the four-flux model to describe radiative heat transfer by combining the absorbing, emitting, and anisotropic scattering phenomena.
Abstract: A mathematical model has been developed to describe the rate processes in an axisymmetric copper flash smelting furnace shaft. A particular feature of the model is the incorporation of the four-flux model to describe the radiative heat transfer by combining the absorbing, emitting, and anisotropic scattering phenomena. The importance of various subprocesses of the radiative heat transfer in a flash smelting furnace has been studied. Model predictions showed that the radiation from the furnace walls and between the particles and the surrounding is the dominant mode of heat transfer in a flash smelting furnace.
34 citations
01 Sep 1982-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
TL;DR: In this article, a computer model was developed to simulate the behavior of bismuth in copper matte converting at 1100 to 1300 ‡C. The model was integrated numerically by dividing a continuous process of matte converting into a great number of micro-steps, in each of which the volatilization of Bi-bearing gases is thermodynamically calculated by assuming a steady state.
Abstract: A computer model has been developed to simulate the behavior of bismuth in copper matte converting at 1100 to 1300 ‡C. The rate equation is integrated numerically by dividing a continuous process of matte converting into a great number of microsteps, in each of which the volatilization of Bi-bearing gases is thermodynamically calculated by assuming a steady state. The bubbles of offgas consisting of SO2 and N2 are assumed to be saturated with the vapors of BiS, Bi, BiO, and Bi2. However, the partial pressures of BiO and Bi2 are found to remain negligible at all stages of converting. BiS is the most volatile species over the slag-making stage with low grade mattes, but its volatility decreases markedly, becoming negligibly low over white metal. When the copper content of the initial matte is known together with the weight of matte, converting temperature and blowing rate of tuyere air, the present computer model can predict the Bi contents in all the phases involved (gas, slag, matte, copper) at any given time. The predictions by the present computer model are compared with the known commercial data from various smelters around the world. The agreements between the computer predictions and the commercial data are excellent in all cases, so that the present computer model can be used to monitor and optimize the bismuth elimination in the actual industrial operations of copper matte converting.
25 citations