MATPOWER: Steady-State Operations, Planning, and Analysis Tools for Power Systems Research and Education
TL;DR: The details of the network modeling and problem formulations used by MATPOWER, including its extensible OPF architecture, are presented, which are used internally to implement several extensions to the standard OPF problem, including piece-wise linear cost functions, dispatchable loads, generator capability curves, and branch angle difference limits.
Abstract: MATPOWER is an open-source Matlab-based power system simulation package that provides a high-level set of power flow, optimal power flow (OPF), and other tools targeted toward researchers, educators, and students. The OPF architecture is designed to be extensible, making it easy to add user-defined variables, costs, and constraints to the standard OPF problem. This paper presents the details of the network modeling and problem formulations used by MATPOWER, including its extensible OPF architecture. This structure is used internally to implement several extensions to the standard OPF problem, including piece-wise linear cost functions, dispatchable loads, generator capability curves, and branch angle difference limits. Simulation results are presented for a number of test cases comparing the performance of several available OPF solvers and demonstrating MATPOWER's ability to solve large-scale AC and DC OPF problems.
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TL;DR: A novel methodology for automatic identification of the type of the integrity attack affecting a CPS is proposed and applied onto data coming from the IEEE-9 bus model achieving promising identification performance.
Abstract: The cyber-layer existing in modern infrastructures opened the door to the emerging threat of cyber-attacks.This paper proposes a novel methodology for automatic identification of integrity attacks.The identification is performed by capturing the unique characteristics of each attack in the spectral and wavelet domains.The pattern of each cyber attack is captured by recognition algorithms of different modelling properties.The efficacy of the proposed approach is demonstrated in the Smart Grid domain. Modern society relies on the availability and smooth operation of complex engineering systems, such as electric power systems, water distributions networks, etc. which due to the recent advancements in information and communication technologies (ICT) are usually controlled by means of a cyber-layer. This design may potentially improve the usage of the components of the cyber-physical system (CPS), however further protection is needed due to the emerging threat of cyber-attacks. These may degrade the quality of the communicated information which is of fundamental importance in the decision making process.This paper proposes a novel methodology for automatic identification of the type of the integrity attack affecting a CPS. We designed a feature set for capturing the characteristics of each attack in the spectral and wavelet domains while its distribution is learned by pattern recognition algorithms of different modelling properties customized for the specific application scenario. In addition a novelty detection component is incorporated for dealing with previously unseen types of attacks. The proposed approach is applied onto data coming from the IEEE-9 bus model achieving promising identification performance.
42 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a weather-based optimal power flow (WB-OPF) algorithm with wind farm integration by considering the temperature related resistance and dynamic line rating (DLR) of overhead transmission lines is presented.
Abstract: In conventional optimal power flow (OPF), parameters of electrical components such as resistance and thermal ratings of the overhead lines, are assumed to be constant despite the fact that they are strongly sensitive to the weather effect (e.g., temperature or wind speed) which influences the accuracy of optimal power flow results. This paper introduces a weather-based optimal power flow (WB-OPF) algorithm with wind farm integration by considering the temperature related resistance and dynamic line rating (DLR) of overhead transmission lines. A method of calculating the current-temperature relationship of bare overhead lines, given the weather conditions, is presented as a set of coupled temperature and power flow equations. A simplified general model is proposed to calculate the dynamic line rating (DLR) for maximizing the utilization of wind power. A Primal-dual Interior Point (PDIP) method is developed to solve the WB-OPF problem. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated and demonstrated in the paper by two example power systems.
42 citations
Cites background or methods from "MATPOWER: Steady-State Operations, ..."
...Mathematically, the OPF can be stated as the following constrained nonlinear optimization problem [25]:...
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...The primal-dual interior point (PDIP) method [25] was used to solve theWB-OPF problem and the algorithm converged successfully....
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...The primal-dual interior point (PDIP) algorithm called MIPS in MATPOWER [25] can be adopted to solve this non-linear and nonconvex optimization problem....
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...To allow the comparison with the traditional OPF problem, all the generators are assumed as thermal power generators and the generation cost coefficients are set as same as that given in the OPF in theMATPOWER [25]....
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...In this section, the WB-OPF algorithm is verified by use of a modified IEEE 9 node system and the New England transmission grid which are available in the MATPOWER [25]....
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TL;DR: The risks associated with cyber attacks are shown and an artificial neural network-based protection approach is proposed that can monitor the output of power flow calculations and detect data anomalies in real-time.
42 citations
10 Apr 2013
TL;DR: Experimental verification shows that the proposed robustness metric quantifies a power grid robustness with respect to cascading failures, in particular for cascading effects due to line overloads and caused by targeted attacks.
Abstract: Cascading failures are the main reason blackouts occur in power networks. The economic cost of such failures is in the order of tens of billion dollars annually. In a power network, the cascading failure phenomenon is related to both topological properties (number and types of buses, density of transmission lines and interconnection of components) and flow dynamics (load distribution and loading level). Existing studies most often focus on network topology, and not on flow dynamics. This paper proposes a new metric to assess power network robustness with respect to cascading failures, in particular for cascading effects due to line overloads and caused by targeted attacks. The metric takes both the effect of topological features and the effect of flow dynamics on network robustness into account, using an entropy-based approach. Experimental verification shows that the proposed robustness metric quantifies a power grid robustness with respect to cascading failures.
42 citations
Cites methods from "MATPOWER: Steady-State Operations, ..."
...The synthetic networks are derived from the IEEE 14 bus network by randomly shuffling transmission lines in the network....
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05 Jan 2010
TL;DR: The capabilities of the SuperOPF provide a consistent economic framework for evaluating Operating Reliability in real-time markets and System Adequacy for planning purposes and show that the benefits from making an investment in wind capacity and/of upgrading a tie line are very sensitive to how much of the inherent variability of wind generation has to be accommodated on the network.
Abstract: Earlier research has shown that adding wind capacity to a network can lower the total annual operating cost of meeting a given pattern of loads by displacing conventional generation. At the same time, the variability of wind generation and the need for higher levels of reserve generating capacity to maintain reliability standards impose additional costs on the system that should not be ignored. The important implication for regulators is that the capacity cost of each MW of peak system load is now much higher. Hence, the economic benefits to a network of using storage and controllable load to reduce the peak system load will be higher with high penetrations of wind generation. These potential benefits will be illustrated in a case study using a test network and the SuperOPF. An important feature of the SuperOPF is that the amount of conventional generating capacity needed to maintain Operating Reliability is determined endogenously, and as a result, it is possible to determine the net social benefits of relying more on an intermittent source of generation, such as wind capacity, that lowers operating costs but increases the cost of maintaining System Adequacy. The capabilities of the SuperOPF provide a consistent economic framework for evaluating Operating Reliability in real-time markets and System Adequacy for planning purposes. Basically, a financially viable investment requires that the reductions in the total annual costs of the existing system should be larger than the annualized cost of financing the addition of, for example, wind generation to a network. The scenarios considered make it possible to determine 1) the amount of conventional generating capacity needed to meet the peak system load and maintain System Adequacy, 2) the amount of missing money paid to generators to maintain Financial Adequacy, 3) changes in the congestion rents for transmission that are collected by the system operator, and finally, 4) the total annual system costs paid by customers directly in the Wholesale Market and, indirectly, as missing money. The results show that the benefits (i.e. the reduction in the total annual system costs) from making an investment in wind capacity and/of upgrading a tie line are very sensitive to 1) how much of the inherent variability of wind generation has to be accommodated on the network, and 2) how the missing money paid to conventional generators is determined (e.g. comparing a regulated market and a deregulated market).
42 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a graduate-level text in electric power engineering as regards to planning, operating, and controlling large scale power generation and transmission systems, including characteristics of power generation units, transmission losses, generation with limited energy supply, control of generation, and power system security.
Abstract: Topics considered include characteristics of power generation units, transmission losses, generation with limited energy supply, control of generation, and power system security. This book is a graduate-level text in electric power engineering as regards to planning, operating, and controlling large scale power generation and transmission systems. Material used was generated in the post-1966 period. Many (if not most) of the chapter problems require a digital computer. A background in steady-state power circuit analysis is required.
6,344 citations
TL;DR: This paper describes a simple, very reliable and extremely fast load-flow solution method that is attractive for accurate or approximate off-and on-line routine and contingency calculations for networks of any size, and can be implemented efficiently on computers with restrictive core-store capacities.
Abstract: This paper describes a simple, very reliable and extremely fast load-flow solution method with a wide range of practical application. It is attractive for accurate or approximate off-and on-line routine and contingency calculations for networks of any size, and can be implemented efficiently on computers with restrictive core-store capacities. The method is a development on other recent work employing the MW-?/ MVAR-V decoupling principle, and its precise algorithmic form has been determined by extensive numerical studies. The paper gives details of the method's performance on a series of practical problems of up to 1080 buses. A solution to within 0.01 MW/MVAR maximum bus mismatches is normally obtained in 4 to 7 iterations, each iteration being equal in speed to 1? Gauss-Seidel iterations or 1/5th of a Newton iteration. Correlations of general interest between the power-mismatch convergence criterion and actual solution accuracy are obtained.
1,447 citations
TL;DR: The ac power flow problem can be solved efficiently by Newton's method because only five iterations, each equivalent to about seven of the widely used Gauss-Seidel method are required for an exact solution.
Abstract: The ac power flow problem can be solved efficiently by Newton's method. Only five iterations, each equivalent to about seven of the widely used Gauss-Seidel method, are required for an exact solution. Problem dependent memory and time requirements vary approximately in direct proportion to problem size. Problems of 500 to 1000 nodes can be solved on computers with 32K core memory. The method, introduced in 1961, has been made practical by optimally ordered Gaussian elimination and special programming techniques. Equations, programming details, and examples of solutions of large problems are given.
1,112 citations
"MATPOWER: Steady-State Operations, ..." refers methods in this paper
...The default solver is based on a standard Newton’s method [7] using a polar form and a full Jacobian updated at each iteration....
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TL;DR: Basic features, algorithms, and a variety of case studies are presented in this paper to illustrate the capabilities of the presented tool and its suitability for educational and research purposes.
Abstract: This paper describes the Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT), an open source Matlab and GNU/Octave-based software package for analysis and design of small to medium size electric power systems. PSAT includes power flow, continuation power flow, optimal power flow, small-signal stability analysis, and time-domain simulation, as well as several static and dynamic models, including nonconventional loads, synchronous and asynchronous machines, regulators, and FACTS. PSAT is also provided with a complete set of user-friendly graphical interfaces and a Simulink-based editor of one-line network diagrams. Basic features, algorithms, and a variety of case studies are presented in this paper to illustrate the capabilities of the presented tool and its suitability for educational and research purposes.
890 citations
"MATPOWER: Steady-State Operations, ..." refers background or methods in this paper
...This at least partially explains the lack of a graphical user interface used by some related tools such as PSAT [5]....
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...A nice summary of their features is presented in [5]....
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