MATPOWER: Steady-State Operations, Planning, and Analysis Tools for Power Systems Research and Education
TL;DR: The details of the network modeling and problem formulations used by MATPOWER, including its extensible OPF architecture, are presented, which are used internally to implement several extensions to the standard OPF problem, including piece-wise linear cost functions, dispatchable loads, generator capability curves, and branch angle difference limits.
Abstract: MATPOWER is an open-source Matlab-based power system simulation package that provides a high-level set of power flow, optimal power flow (OPF), and other tools targeted toward researchers, educators, and students. The OPF architecture is designed to be extensible, making it easy to add user-defined variables, costs, and constraints to the standard OPF problem. This paper presents the details of the network modeling and problem formulations used by MATPOWER, including its extensible OPF architecture. This structure is used internally to implement several extensions to the standard OPF problem, including piece-wise linear cost functions, dispatchable loads, generator capability curves, and branch angle difference limits. Simulation results are presented for a number of test cases comparing the performance of several available OPF solvers and demonstrating MATPOWER's ability to solve large-scale AC and DC OPF problems.
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TL;DR: The proposed oblivious routing economic dispatch algorithm is inspired by the oblivious network design and is suited for large-scale economic dispatch problems that will emerge in the future smart distribution grids with host of small, decentralized, and flexibly controllable prosumers.
Abstract: We present a novel oblivious routing economic dispatch (ORED) algorithm for power systems. The method is inspired by the oblivious network design which works perfectly for networks in which different sources (generators) send power flow toward their destinations (load points) while they are unaware of the current network state and other flows. Basically, our focus is on the economic dispatch while managing congestion and mitigating power losses. Furthermore, we studied a loss-minimizing type of the economic dispatch which aims to minimize the emission by optimizing the total power generation rather than system cost. Comparing to state-of-the-art economic dispatch methods, our algorithm is independent of network topology and works for both radial and non-radial networks. Our algorithm is thus suited for large-scale economic dispatch problems that will emerge in the future smart distribution grids with host of small, decentralized, and flexibly controllable prosumers; i.e., entities able to consume and produce electricity. The effectiveness of the proposed ORED is evaluated via the IEEE 57-bus standard test system. The simulation results verify the superior performance of the proposed method over the current methods in the literature in terms of congestion management and power loss minimization.
34 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents a state estimation method for power systems when not all state variables are observable with phasor measurement units (PMU), namely, incomplete PMU observability, and proposes a model that incorporates such errors into conventional measurements.
Abstract: This paper presents a state estimation method for power systems when not all state variables are observable with phasor measurement units (PMU), namely, incomplete PMU observability. Realizing that PMU measurements are generally more accurate than conventional ones, the proposed approach estimates PMU unobservable states and PMU observable states separately. The latter are estimated from PMU measurements using a linear estimator. Those estimates are then used along with conventional measurements in a reduced-order nonlinear estimator for the PMU unobservable states. The proposed decoupled approach features reduced computational complexity and greater numerical stability, when compared to existing combined approaches. We show analytically that the performance of the proposed method is comparable to that of existing approaches if PMU measurements are sufficiently accurate. In this paper, we also study the impact of time-skew errors in conventional measurements on the performance of hybrid state estimators using both conventional and PMU measurements. We propose a model that incorporates such errors into conventional measurements. We show that our proposed method is more robust than existing approaches in the presence of time-skew errors. Our analytical findings are verified by simulations on standard IEEE test systems.
34 citations
TL;DR: An enhanced algorithm to construct FDI attack vectors in the face of limited measurements that can nevertheless bypass the BDD with high probability is designed, guided by results from random matrix theory.
Abstract: We address the problem of constructing false data injection (FDI) attacks that can bypass the bad data detector (BDD) of a power grid. The attacker is assumed to have access to only power grid measurement data traces collected over a limited period of time and no other prior knowledge about the grid. Existing related algorithms are formulated under the assumption that the attacker has access to measurements collected over a long (asymptotically infinite) time period, which may not be realistic. We show that these approaches do not perform well when the attacker has access to measurements from a limited time window only. We design an enhanced algorithm to construct FDI attack vectors in the face of limited measurements that can nevertheless bypass the BDD with high probability. The algorithm design is guided by results from random matrix theory. Furthermore, we characterize an important trade-off between the attack’s BDD-bypass probability and its sparsity, which affects the spatial extent of the attack that must be achieved. Extensive simulations using data traces collected from the MATPOWER simulator and benchmark IEEE bus systems validate our findings.
34 citations
Cites methods from "MATPOWER: Steady-State Operations, ..."
...All the simulations are conducted using the MATPOWER simulator [29]....
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Posted Content•
TL;DR: Constrained Adversarial Machine Learning (ConAML), which generates adversarial examples that satisfy the intrinsic constraints of the physical systems, is proposed, which significantly decrease the performance of the ML models even under practical constraints.
Abstract: Recent research demonstrated that the superficially well-trained machine learning (ML) models are highly vulnerable to adversarial examples. As ML techniques are becoming a popular solution for cyber-physical systems (CPSs) applications in research literatures, the security of these applications is of concern. However, current studies on adversarial machine learning (AML) mainly focus on pure cyberspace domains. The risks the adversarial examples can bring to the CPS applications have not been well investigated. In particular, due to the distributed property of data sources and the inherent physical constraints imposed by CPSs, the widely-used threat models and the state-of-the-art AML algorithms in previous cyberspace research become infeasible.
We study the potential vulnerabilities of ML applied in CPSs by proposing Constrained Adversarial Machine Learning (ConAML), which generates adversarial examples that satisfy the intrinsic constraints of the physical systems. We first summarize the difference between AML in CPSs and AML in existing cyberspace systems and propose a general threat model for ConAML. We then design a best-effort search algorithm to iteratively generate adversarial examples with linear physical constraints. We evaluate our algorithms with simulations of two typical CPSs, the power grids and the water treatment system. The results show that our ConAML algorithms can effectively generate adversarial examples which significantly decrease the performance of the ML models even under practical constraints.
34 citations
TL;DR: A bi-level optimization model for distribution market clearing and distribution locational marginal pricing (DLMP) considering the interactions between distribution and transmission wholesale markets and the equilibrium problem with equilibrium constraints (EPEC) approach is applied.
Abstract: Distribution-level electricity market provides a platform for trading energy and grid services from large-amount of small-scale distributed energy resources (DERs) located on distribution grids. The behavior of the DERs in the distribution electricity market may ultimately impact the market-clearing and locational marginal prices (LMPs) in the wholesale market. This paper proposes a bi-level optimization model for distribution market clearing and distribution locational marginal pricing (DLMP) considering the interactions between distribution and transmission wholesale markets. In the proposed model, the upper-level model represents the distribution system operator (DSO) market-clearing and the lower-level model represents the wholesale market-clearing by the independent system operator (ISO). The LMP at the substation will impact the DER dispatch and power demands of the DSO as well as the DLMP. In turn, the power demands of the DSO will further impact the ISO market and its LMPs. The equilibrium problem with equilibrium constraints (EPEC) approach is applied to find the equilibria of multiple DSOs and the ISO. The EPEC problem is transformed into a single-level mixed-integer convex problem in order to allow for efficient solving. The effectiveness of the proposed model and solution method are demonstrated through case studies.
34 citations
Cites background from "MATPOWER: Steady-State Operations, ..."
...Other detailed parameters can be found in MATPOWER [31]....
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References
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Book•
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a graduate-level text in electric power engineering as regards to planning, operating, and controlling large scale power generation and transmission systems, including characteristics of power generation units, transmission losses, generation with limited energy supply, control of generation, and power system security.
Abstract: Topics considered include characteristics of power generation units, transmission losses, generation with limited energy supply, control of generation, and power system security. This book is a graduate-level text in electric power engineering as regards to planning, operating, and controlling large scale power generation and transmission systems. Material used was generated in the post-1966 period. Many (if not most) of the chapter problems require a digital computer. A background in steady-state power circuit analysis is required.
6,344 citations
TL;DR: This paper describes a simple, very reliable and extremely fast load-flow solution method that is attractive for accurate or approximate off-and on-line routine and contingency calculations for networks of any size, and can be implemented efficiently on computers with restrictive core-store capacities.
Abstract: This paper describes a simple, very reliable and extremely fast load-flow solution method with a wide range of practical application. It is attractive for accurate or approximate off-and on-line routine and contingency calculations for networks of any size, and can be implemented efficiently on computers with restrictive core-store capacities. The method is a development on other recent work employing the MW-?/ MVAR-V decoupling principle, and its precise algorithmic form has been determined by extensive numerical studies. The paper gives details of the method's performance on a series of practical problems of up to 1080 buses. A solution to within 0.01 MW/MVAR maximum bus mismatches is normally obtained in 4 to 7 iterations, each iteration being equal in speed to 1? Gauss-Seidel iterations or 1/5th of a Newton iteration. Correlations of general interest between the power-mismatch convergence criterion and actual solution accuracy are obtained.
1,447 citations
TL;DR: The ac power flow problem can be solved efficiently by Newton's method because only five iterations, each equivalent to about seven of the widely used Gauss-Seidel method are required for an exact solution.
Abstract: The ac power flow problem can be solved efficiently by Newton's method. Only five iterations, each equivalent to about seven of the widely used Gauss-Seidel method, are required for an exact solution. Problem dependent memory and time requirements vary approximately in direct proportion to problem size. Problems of 500 to 1000 nodes can be solved on computers with 32K core memory. The method, introduced in 1961, has been made practical by optimally ordered Gaussian elimination and special programming techniques. Equations, programming details, and examples of solutions of large problems are given.
1,112 citations
"MATPOWER: Steady-State Operations, ..." refers methods in this paper
...The default solver is based on a standard Newton’s method [7] using a polar form and a full Jacobian updated at each iteration....
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TL;DR: Basic features, algorithms, and a variety of case studies are presented in this paper to illustrate the capabilities of the presented tool and its suitability for educational and research purposes.
Abstract: This paper describes the Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT), an open source Matlab and GNU/Octave-based software package for analysis and design of small to medium size electric power systems. PSAT includes power flow, continuation power flow, optimal power flow, small-signal stability analysis, and time-domain simulation, as well as several static and dynamic models, including nonconventional loads, synchronous and asynchronous machines, regulators, and FACTS. PSAT is also provided with a complete set of user-friendly graphical interfaces and a Simulink-based editor of one-line network diagrams. Basic features, algorithms, and a variety of case studies are presented in this paper to illustrate the capabilities of the presented tool and its suitability for educational and research purposes.
890 citations
"MATPOWER: Steady-State Operations, ..." refers background or methods in this paper
...This at least partially explains the lack of a graphical user interface used by some related tools such as PSAT [5]....
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...A nice summary of their features is presented in [5]....
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