MATPOWER: Steady-State Operations, Planning, and Analysis Tools for Power Systems Research and Education
TL;DR: The details of the network modeling and problem formulations used by MATPOWER, including its extensible OPF architecture, are presented, which are used internally to implement several extensions to the standard OPF problem, including piece-wise linear cost functions, dispatchable loads, generator capability curves, and branch angle difference limits.
Abstract: MATPOWER is an open-source Matlab-based power system simulation package that provides a high-level set of power flow, optimal power flow (OPF), and other tools targeted toward researchers, educators, and students. The OPF architecture is designed to be extensible, making it easy to add user-defined variables, costs, and constraints to the standard OPF problem. This paper presents the details of the network modeling and problem formulations used by MATPOWER, including its extensible OPF architecture. This structure is used internally to implement several extensions to the standard OPF problem, including piece-wise linear cost functions, dispatchable loads, generator capability curves, and branch angle difference limits. Simulation results are presented for a number of test cases comparing the performance of several available OPF solvers and demonstrating MATPOWER's ability to solve large-scale AC and DC OPF problems.
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TL;DR: This paper proposes an unsupervised machine learning-based scheme to detect CDIAs in SG communications networks utilizing non-labeled data and uses a principal component analysis-based feature extraction technique to tackle the dimensionality issue from the growth in power systems.
Abstract: Being one of the most multifaceted cyber-physical systems, smart grids (SGs) are arguably more prone to cyber-threats. A covert data integrity assault (CDIA) on a communications network may be lethal to the reliability and safety of SG operations. They are intelligently designed to sidestep the traditional bad data detector in power control centers, and this type of assault can compromise the integrity of the data, causing a false estimation of the state that further severely distresses the entire power system operation. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised machine learning-based scheme to detect CDIAs in SG communications networks utilizing non-labeled data. The proposed scheme employs a state-of-the-art algorithm, called isolation forest, and detects CDIAs based on the hypothesis that the assault has the shortest average path length in a constructed random forest. To tackle the dimensionality issue from the growth in power systems, we use a principal component analysis-based feature extraction technique. The evaluation of the proposed scheme is carried out through standard IEEE 14-bus, 39-bus, 57-bus, and 118-bus systems. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme is proficient at handling non-labeled historical measurement datasets and results in a significant improvement in attack detection accuracy.
157 citations
Cites methods from "MATPOWER: Steady-State Operations, ..."
...• We use standard IEEE 14-bus, 39-bus, 57-bus, and 118-bus test systems [52], [53] to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed detection scheme....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a distributionally robust chance constrained approximate ac-OPF is proposed for variable renewable energy (VRE) uncertainties, where the ambiguity set is constructed from historical data without any presumption on the type of the probability distribution, and more data leads to smaller ambiguity set and less conservative strategy.
Abstract: Chance constrained optimal power flow (OPF) has been recognized as a promising framework to manage the risk from variable renewable energy (VRE). In the presence of VRE uncertainties, this paper discusses a distributionally robust chance constrained approximate ac-OPF. The power flow model employed in the proposed OPF formulation combines an exact ac power flow model at the nominal operation point and an approximate linear power flow model to reflect the system response under uncertainties. The ambiguity set employed in the distributionally robust formulation is the Wasserstein ball centered at the empirical distribution. The proposed OPF model minimizes the expectation of the quadratic cost function w.r.t. the worst-case probability distribution and guarantees the chance constraints satisfied for any distribution in the ambiguity set. The whole method is data-driven in the sense that the ambiguity set is constructed from historical data without any presumption on the type of the probability distribution, and more data leads to smaller ambiguity set and less conservative strategy. Moreover, special problem structures of the proposed problem formulation are exploited to develop an efficient and scalable solution approach. Case studies are carried out on the IEEE 14 and 118 bus systems to show the accuracy and necessity of the approximate ac model and the attractive features of the distributionally robust optimization approach compared with other methods to deal with uncertainties.
156 citations
TL;DR: This article focuses on bad data injection attacks for smart grid, and an adaptive cumulative sum test is able to determine the possible existence of adversaries at the control center as quickly as possible.
Abstract: In modern smart grid networks, the traditional power grid is empowered by technological advances in sensing, measurement, and control devices with two-way communications between the suppliers and consumers. The smart grid integration helps the power grid networks to be smarter, but it also increases the risk of attacks because of the existing obsolete cyber-infrastructure. In this article, we focus on bad data injection attacks for smart grid. The basic problem formulation is presented, and the special type of stealth attack is discussed. Then we investigate the strategies of defenders and attackers, respectively. Specifically, from the defender's perspective, an adaptive cumulative sum test is able to determine the possible existence of adversaries at the control center as quickly as possible. From the attacker's point of view, independent component analysis is employed for the attackers to make inferences through phasor observations without prior knowledge of the power grid topology. The inferred structural information can then be used to launch stealth attacks.
155 citations
TL;DR: A novel dynamic energy management system is developed to incorporate efficient management of energy storage system into MG real- time dispatch while considering power flow constraints and uncertainties in load, renewable generation and real-time electricity price.
Abstract: This paper focuses on economical operation of a microgrid (MG) in real-time. A novel dynamic energy management system is developed to incorporate efficient management of energy storage system into MG real-time dispatch while considering power flow constraints and uncertainties in load, renewable generation and real-time electricity price. The developed dynamic energy management mechanism does not require long-term forecast and optimization or distribution knowledge of the uncertainty, but can still optimize the long-term operational costs of MGs. First, the real-time scheduling problem is modeled as a finite-horizon Markov decision process over a day. Then, approximate dynamic programming and deep recurrent neural network learning are employed to derive a near optimal real-time scheduling policy. Last, using real power grid data from California independent system operator, a detailed simulation study is carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
155 citations
Cites background or methods from "MATPOWER: Steady-State Operations, ..."
...0 [31] is employed and modified to solve the AC power flow....
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...The load shedding cost for DLl is captured by a 2-segment piece-wise linear cost function [31],...
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...The AC power flow equations [31] are formulated as,...
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TL;DR: In this article, a framework is presented to solve the problem of multistage distribution system expansion planning in which installation and/or reinforcement of substations, feeders and distributed generation units are taken into consideration as possible solutions for system capacity expansion.
153 citations
Cites methods from "MATPOWER: Steady-State Operations, ..."
...The method was implemented in MATLAB using some features of the primal–dual interior point based OPF solver in the MATPOWER suite [32]....
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References
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Book•
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a graduate-level text in electric power engineering as regards to planning, operating, and controlling large scale power generation and transmission systems, including characteristics of power generation units, transmission losses, generation with limited energy supply, control of generation, and power system security.
Abstract: Topics considered include characteristics of power generation units, transmission losses, generation with limited energy supply, control of generation, and power system security. This book is a graduate-level text in electric power engineering as regards to planning, operating, and controlling large scale power generation and transmission systems. Material used was generated in the post-1966 period. Many (if not most) of the chapter problems require a digital computer. A background in steady-state power circuit analysis is required.
6,344 citations
TL;DR: This paper describes a simple, very reliable and extremely fast load-flow solution method that is attractive for accurate or approximate off-and on-line routine and contingency calculations for networks of any size, and can be implemented efficiently on computers with restrictive core-store capacities.
Abstract: This paper describes a simple, very reliable and extremely fast load-flow solution method with a wide range of practical application. It is attractive for accurate or approximate off-and on-line routine and contingency calculations for networks of any size, and can be implemented efficiently on computers with restrictive core-store capacities. The method is a development on other recent work employing the MW-?/ MVAR-V decoupling principle, and its precise algorithmic form has been determined by extensive numerical studies. The paper gives details of the method's performance on a series of practical problems of up to 1080 buses. A solution to within 0.01 MW/MVAR maximum bus mismatches is normally obtained in 4 to 7 iterations, each iteration being equal in speed to 1? Gauss-Seidel iterations or 1/5th of a Newton iteration. Correlations of general interest between the power-mismatch convergence criterion and actual solution accuracy are obtained.
1,447 citations
TL;DR: The ac power flow problem can be solved efficiently by Newton's method because only five iterations, each equivalent to about seven of the widely used Gauss-Seidel method are required for an exact solution.
Abstract: The ac power flow problem can be solved efficiently by Newton's method. Only five iterations, each equivalent to about seven of the widely used Gauss-Seidel method, are required for an exact solution. Problem dependent memory and time requirements vary approximately in direct proportion to problem size. Problems of 500 to 1000 nodes can be solved on computers with 32K core memory. The method, introduced in 1961, has been made practical by optimally ordered Gaussian elimination and special programming techniques. Equations, programming details, and examples of solutions of large problems are given.
1,112 citations
"MATPOWER: Steady-State Operations, ..." refers methods in this paper
...The default solver is based on a standard Newton’s method [7] using a polar form and a full Jacobian updated at each iteration....
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TL;DR: Basic features, algorithms, and a variety of case studies are presented in this paper to illustrate the capabilities of the presented tool and its suitability for educational and research purposes.
Abstract: This paper describes the Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT), an open source Matlab and GNU/Octave-based software package for analysis and design of small to medium size electric power systems. PSAT includes power flow, continuation power flow, optimal power flow, small-signal stability analysis, and time-domain simulation, as well as several static and dynamic models, including nonconventional loads, synchronous and asynchronous machines, regulators, and FACTS. PSAT is also provided with a complete set of user-friendly graphical interfaces and a Simulink-based editor of one-line network diagrams. Basic features, algorithms, and a variety of case studies are presented in this paper to illustrate the capabilities of the presented tool and its suitability for educational and research purposes.
890 citations
"MATPOWER: Steady-State Operations, ..." refers background or methods in this paper
...This at least partially explains the lack of a graphical user interface used by some related tools such as PSAT [5]....
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...A nice summary of their features is presented in [5]....
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